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What if the great powers were unable to come to an agreement at the Berlin Conference or any other time, and instead, the Scramble for Africa became a free-for-all between all the great powers (British vs German, German vs French, French vs British, British vs Belgian, etc.) and native kingdoms?

Could some native kingdoms survive?

Would the colonial wars in Africa be able to stay in Africa or would they lead to a war in Europe?

Could a second privateer era begin?
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