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Here's an idea for a very ambitious TL: What if Socrates had either been reduced to obscurity or if he simply never existed at all, and sophists like Protagoras, Gorgias and Thrasymachus had taken his place as the "founders" of Western philosophy? We'll assume that the obscurity or non-existence of Socrates either causes or is caused by Plato not showing the slightest interest in philosophy, which I think would also allow us to get rid of Aristotle. We could go on even further than that as we could wipe away a good portion of all Western philosophers in this chain reaction, but I trust you get the picture.

As a result of a relative lack of trustworthy sources, it's a bit hard to piece together exactly what the sophists thought, but it seems that they were far more skeptical and relativistic as well as far more interested in the material here and now (they had the audacity of demanding payment for teaching) than a person influenced by the Platonian metaphysical quest for Good, Truth and whatnot in a reality beyond the material.

What would religion be without Plato? What would science be without Aristotle? What would Western thought be if it was built by rhetoricians who scoffed at the idea of objective truth and metaphysics?
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