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What if Sabbatai Zevi, self-proclaimed seventeenth-century Messiah and leader of a mass popular movement, does not accept Mehmed's ultimatum and convert to Islam, but instead is executed (ideally publically)? Could we see a continued vibrant Sabbatean movement, almost analogous to Christianity or Shi'ism, and a lasting split in Judaism? Would the Ottomans decide to accommodate or persecute this new religious tradition, and how would their treatment affect orthodox Jews?