In our world, Sultan Mehmet Vahidetin basically chose the wrong side during Turkish war of independence, and his choice and the failure that followed ultimately became an excuse for Kemal to eventually abolish monarchy, and the following "necessity" to divorce from Turkey's "traditional" Islamic past.
Contrary to popular belief however, Kemal didn't really ideologically loathe the monarchy, nor Islam, and in fact actually tried to court Sultan into his camp. However, he didn't succeed at it, and eventually he abolished the monarchy, and along with it, the Caliphate, consequently drove him to find new basis for the rump post-ottoman state of Turkey the radical way, with rather far reaching consequences that aren't always apparent from today's observers...
Pass which certain point did the abolition of the monarchy become inevitable ? What if the Sultan had sided with Kemal instead of the occupation forces ? And how things will become down the line with Ottoman monarchy still retained ? IOTL, the dissolution of Caliphate ignited significant reaction from worldwide muslim community, especially India with the Khilafat Movement. In Indonesia, the dissolution of Caliphate undermined the charisma of Pan-Islamism, driving some intellectuals to search for alternatives, and eventually paved the way for communism to make inroads into Indonesian intellectuals, which will crucially shape Indonesian history down the line... That's to name few examples, not counting things like, say, the role of Salafism will take in filling in the vacuum that was left by Ottoman-championed Pan-Islamism IOTL....
Therefore, how different would things have become with the still-presence of Caliphate ? How things would have turned out to be in India, Indonesia, Middle east, etc ? This is not the usual Ottoman-surviving scenario where Salafism eventually gets stomped by the Ottomans, for example. On the other hand, this world won't see the collapse of Islamic cultural and political confidence as the result of its repression by Kemalist Turkey, an example later followed by some of later regimes in Islamic world post-WW2. However, it will still see a grave damage being inflicted to the Caliphate's prestige for losing most of its territories in the Great War. With those factors in the equation, I wonder how the future will play out for Turkey and Islamic world in this scenario...
Contrary to popular belief however, Kemal didn't really ideologically loathe the monarchy, nor Islam, and in fact actually tried to court Sultan into his camp. However, he didn't succeed at it, and eventually he abolished the monarchy, and along with it, the Caliphate, consequently drove him to find new basis for the rump post-ottoman state of Turkey the radical way, with rather far reaching consequences that aren't always apparent from today's observers...
Pass which certain point did the abolition of the monarchy become inevitable ? What if the Sultan had sided with Kemal instead of the occupation forces ? And how things will become down the line with Ottoman monarchy still retained ? IOTL, the dissolution of Caliphate ignited significant reaction from worldwide muslim community, especially India with the Khilafat Movement. In Indonesia, the dissolution of Caliphate undermined the charisma of Pan-Islamism, driving some intellectuals to search for alternatives, and eventually paved the way for communism to make inroads into Indonesian intellectuals, which will crucially shape Indonesian history down the line... That's to name few examples, not counting things like, say, the role of Salafism will take in filling in the vacuum that was left by Ottoman-championed Pan-Islamism IOTL....
Therefore, how different would things have become with the still-presence of Caliphate ? How things would have turned out to be in India, Indonesia, Middle east, etc ? This is not the usual Ottoman-surviving scenario where Salafism eventually gets stomped by the Ottomans, for example. On the other hand, this world won't see the collapse of Islamic cultural and political confidence as the result of its repression by Kemalist Turkey, an example later followed by some of later regimes in Islamic world post-WW2. However, it will still see a grave damage being inflicted to the Caliphate's prestige for losing most of its territories in the Great War. With those factors in the equation, I wonder how the future will play out for Turkey and Islamic world in this scenario...