MiG-21 FISHBED in Action
As a basic rule, the Soviets considered Ground Controlled Intercept (GCI), especially in supersonic flight, essential to effective use of the MiG-21. The desired intercept method is an undetected approach to the rear hemisphere. The fighter is vectored at about a 20 degree angle from the rear of the target so that visual detection may take place through the glass on the side of the canopy. Then, the fighter approaches the target at a closing rate of about 50 to 100 knots. The pilot then gets a missile lock-on, turns on the range-only radar, and launches the missile at the appropriate range. According to the Soviets, if an intercept is attempted on counter headings, an engagement through visual detection is nearly impossible. If GCI is used, the controller will compute a lead distance (5 to 15 nautical miles) for the aircraft to start a turn which will roll the MiG-21 out on the tail of the target.
When attacking a maneuvering target, the Soviets first recommend use of the infrared (IR) missile. They train their crews to overlead the target, then reduce G loading to permissible launch parameters. To effectively perform this technique, the Soviets state that at least 1.5 nautical mile separation is required in order to launch the missile. If a missile attack cannot be accomplished, the cannon may be used. A normal pursuit curve is used when attacking a maneuvering target. The desired firing range is under 2,000 feet, but firing can be expected against the F-105 as far out as 3,300 feet.
At low altitudes, a missile attack is first attempted. However, the maximum missile launch range of one nautical mile is a handicap, especially against a maneuvering target. Cannonfire is accomplished using a normal pursuit curve starting from 1 nautical mile out to the side and about 5,000 feet above the target. A small positive lead is used during the first part of the pursuit curve in order to prevent getting below the target. Because of the speed limitations of the MiG-21 at low altitude, the destruction of clean [no external ordnance or fuel tanks] F-105 aircraft is difficult, if such aircraft resort to high speed afterburner flight.