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Without Islam, what are the trends in the Middle East and Europe that would continue? From the top of my head:
Germanization and Christianisation of North Africa. Berbers get pushed further south.
In 630 it appears that the Sassanians were particularly exhausted and ready to fold against whoever came knocking first. Without Islamic Arab invaders, that might be Central Asian nomads smelling weakness (Golturks?).
Christianisation of Mesopotamia and Assyria, might spread to the Iranian plateau, regardless of who rules the area.
Syria and Egypt fell IOTL first to the Sassanians and then to the Arabs , which makes me think Constantinople's sway over this territories wasnt that strong. Maybe Vandals moving from North Africa could seize this areas?