WI: Luxembourg, superpower

Sigismund von Luxembourg, monarch of multiple kingdoms in the late 14th and early 15th centuries and eventual Holy Roman Emperor, has always struck me as someone who managed to be quite successful in spite of having had very bad luck. But let's say, this time around, things go a bit better from the beginning.

In the 1380s, while still quite young, Sigismund was seemingly in line to become King of Poland, but a faction of the Polish nobility turned on him, leading to Ladislaus Jagiello of Lithuania becoming ruler instead. TTL, Sigismund is crowned and manages to consolidate control. With Polish resources at his back, he has an easier time staking his claim to the throne of Hungary, removing the necessity of pawning his possession of Brandenburg off to his cousin Jobst. In 1395 his Hungarian wife, who died OTL in a hunting accident while carrying his unborn heir, avoids her fate and delivers a son, with more children possibly on the way.

The next year, Sigismund helped lead the Nicopolis Crusade against the Ottomans. Originally, he was supposed to be joined by a Franco-English contingent led by John of Gaunt, Philip of Burgundy, and Louis of Orleans. OTL, none of these actually joined; the English failed to show up completely, while the French were led by the inexperienced John the Fearless, whose disregard for Sigismund's tactical advice contributed to a crushing Christian defeat. TTL, however, either John, Philip and Louis actually show up, or Sigismund's stronger position is enough to result in a crusader victory in spite of French incompetence. As a result, the Ottomans are badly beaten, suffering a severe setback in their efforts to conquer Europe (considering they are about to be hit by Timur, this could lead to the end of the Ottoman Empire entirely). Meanwhile, Sigismund's prestige back home continues to rise.

When Sigismund's incompetent, alcoholic brother Wenceslaus of Bohemia is deposed as King of the Romans by the German pretender Rupert (as OTL), Sigismund is able to react more forcefully, with Jobst, lacking Brandenburg, not being powerful enough to interfere as he did OTL. Wenceslaus is either crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Sigismund's puppet, with Sigismund eventually succeeding him having already successfully replaced him as King of Bohemia (as he attempted to do OTL even as he was pushing to have Wenceslaus crowned HRE), or just dies earlier and leaves Bohemia and the Empire to Sigismund sooner. Jobst, meanwhile, dies on schedule in 1411 or sooner, while Jan Hus remains alive, with some of his ideas possibly included in the resolution of Sigismund's Catholic schism-ending Council of Constance (at which he was historically burned at the stake; while Sigismund was seemingly opposed to this, and was absent from the Council when Hus was executed, the Bohemians blamed him, and rose in revolt when he succeeded Wenceslaus, triggering the Hussite wars).

The end result of all this is that, by 1419 (Wenceslaus' historical death) at the latest, Sigismund is simultaneously Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia, Poland, Hungary and Croatia, and Margrave of Brandenburg, with at least one male heir. It would have been very challenging, of course, to hold such a realm together, but the consequences of its existence are potentially massive. A continued Luxembourg line means no Hapsburg rise to dominance, and the potential existence of a massive multi-ethnic Central European polity in the Hapsburg mold many years ahead of schedule.

How plausible is the scenario I outlined above? What are the odds of this realm, which could perhaps be called Luxembourg, surviving beyond Sigismund's death (or perhaps dividing and eventually re-coalescing, as the Hapsburg domains did historically)? There is a challenge inherent in the fact that Bohemia, Poland and Hungary were all elective kingdoms with powerful noble classes, and it would be very difficult for the Luxembourgs to hold any one of them, let alone all of them, permanently, but stranger things have happened, haven't they? One thing that's probably inevitable, though, is that, with the Luxembourgs having to focus so much on domains outside the HRE, imperial authority decays even further than it did under the Hapsburgs; what does this mean for Germany? Also, what might become of an Ottoman-less Balkans? The possibilities here are seemingly endless, from a limited Byzantine revival, to a restored Latin Empire or a renewed Bulgaria, a different Turkish or Timurid successor state rising, or the Luxembourg polity asserting dominance. How would Jagiellon Lithuania without Poland, meanwhile, fare in the struggle against the Teutonic knights? Could this lead to either a surviving Teutonic state, or a Lithuanian Prussia?

Overall, Sigismund's life seems to be one that has underrated potential to completely alter the trajectory of European history. I'd be interested to hear your thoughts.
 
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krieger

Banned
Sigismund von Luxembourg, monarch of multiple kingdoms in the late 14th and early 15th centuries and eventual Holy Roman Emperor, has always struck me as someone who managed to be quite successful in spite of having had very bad luck. But let's say, this time around, things go a bit better from the beginning.

In the 1380s, while still quite young, Sigismund was seemingly in line to become King of Poland, but a faction of the Polish nobility turned on him, leading to Ladislaus Jagiello of Lithuania becoming ruler instead. TTL, Sigismund is crowned and manages to consolidate control. With Polish resources at his back, he has an easier time staking his claim to the throne of Hungary, removing the necessity of pawning his possession of Brandenburg off to his cousin Jobst. In 1395 his Hungarian wife, who died OTL in a hunting accident while carrying his unborn heir, avoids her fate and delivers a son, with more children possibly on the way.

The next year, Sigismund helped lead the Nicopolis Crusade against the Ottomans. Originally, he was supposed to be joined by a Franco-English contingent led by John of Gaunt, Philip of Burgundy, and Louis of Orleans. OTL, none of these actually joined; the English failed to show up completely, while the French were led by the inexperienced John the Fearless, whose disregard for Sigismund's tactical advice contributed to a crushing Christian defeat. TTL, however, either John, Philip and Louis actually show up, or Sigismund's stronger position is enough to result in a crusader victory in spite of French incompetence. As a result, the Ottomans are badly beaten, suffering a severe setback in their efforts to conquer Europe (considering they are about to be hit by Timur, this could lead to the end of the Ottoman Empire entirely). Meanwhile, Sigismund's prestige back home continues to rise.

When Sigismund's incompetent, alcoholic brother Wenceslaus of Bohemia is deposed as King of the Romans by the German pretender Rupert (as OTL), Sigismund is able to react more forcefully, with Jobst, lacking Brandenburg, not being powerful enough to interfere as he did OTL. Wenceslaus is either crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Sigismund's puppet, with Sigismund eventually succeeding him having already successfully replaced him as King of Bohemia (as he attempted to do OTL even as he was pushing to have Wenceslaus crowned HRE), or just dies earlier and leaves Bohemia and the Empire to Sigismund sooner. Jobst, meanwhile, dies on schedule in 1411 or sooner, while Jan Hus remains alive, with some of his ideas possibly included in the resolution of Sigismund's Catholic schism-ending Council of Constance (at which he was historically burned at the stake; while Sigismund was seemingly opposed to this, and was absent from the Council when Hus was executed, the Bohemians blamed him, and rose in revolt when he succeeded Wenceslaus, triggering the Hussite wars).

The end result of all this is that, by 1419 (Wenceslaus' historical death) at the latest, Sigismund is simultaneously Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia, Poland, Hungary and Croatia, and Margrave of Brandenburg, with at least one male heir. It would have been very challenging, of course, to hold such a realm together, but the consequences of its existence are potentially massive. A continued Luxembourg line means no Hapsburg rise to dominance, and the potential existence of a massive multi-ethnic Central European polity in the Hapsburg mold many years ahead of schedule.

How plausible is the scenario I outlined above? What are the odds of this realm, which could perhaps be called Luxembourg, surviving beyond Sigismund's death (or perhaps dividing and eventually re-coalescing, as the Hapsburg domains did historically)? There is a challenge inherent in the fact that Bohemia, Poland and Hungary were all elective kingdoms with powerful noble classes, and it would be very difficult for the Luxembourgs to hold any one of them, let alone all of them, permanently, but stranger things have happened, haven't they? One thing that's probably inevitable, though, is that, with the Luxembourgs having to focus so much on domains outside the HRE, imperial authority decays even further than it did under the Hapsburgs; what does this mean for Germany? Also, what might become of an Ottoman-less Balkans? The possibilities here are seemingly endless, from a limited Byzantine revival, to a restored Latin Empire or a renewed Bulgaria, a different Turkish or Timurid successor state rising, or the Luxembourg polity asserting dominance. How would Jagiellon Lithuania without Poland, meanwhile, fare in the struggle against the Teutonic knights? Could this lead to either a surviving Teutonic state, or a Lithuanian Prussia?

Overall, Sigismund's life seems to be one that has underrated potential to completely alter the trajectory of European history. I'd be interested to hear your thoughts.


First of all, we need to notice that Poland wasn't even an elective monarchy when Sigismund had a realistic chance of becoming it's king, it was an elective monarchy . It just didn't follow the Western law of primogeniture and it's monarch still had a right to pick his own heir as he wishes. Casimir III the Great took advantage of this priviledge and picked Louis of Hungary, his nephew as an heir in place of his grandson, Casimir of Słupsk. And about what resources you're talking about? The resources which Casimir III gathered were destroyed during the rule of Louis I. Louis I disliked Poles and thought about them as unloyal servants of Angevin dynasty, because Casimir of Słupsk (grandson of Casimir III and uncle of Sigismund of Luxembourg) had still some following among Polish nobles and there were rumours about Casimir of Słupsk wanting to regain Polish throne with the help of Charles IV of Luxembourg (father of Sigismund) in exchange of making Sigismund the heir to Poland. So Louis wasn't exactly fond of Luxembourgs and tried to secure succesion of his daughters by taking away Red Ruthenia from Poland (without Red Ruthenia and with disastrous effects of Louis's rule Poland was essentialy a bag of sand full of angry, useless warmongers) and giving priviledges to nobility. In addition, after the death of Louis's oldest daughter Catherine, betrothal of Sigismund and Mary, his second eldest was cancelled in favor of former "fiancee" of Catherine, Louis of Orleans and was only returned after request of Pope Urban VI. Nonetheless, Elizabeth of Bosnia (Louis's widow) tried to oust Sigismund once again and called Louis of Orleans to take Hungarian throne as a husband of Mary. So why Louis of Orleans should help Sigismund, who forced him to GTFO from very rich kingdom ten years ago? In order to succesfully become king of Poland, Sigismund would need to meet the demands of delusional fools known as Cracow lords, who saw their country as some kind of great power, when in reality it barely avoided absorption by Hungary. First of all, Sigismund should not meet with Grand Master of TO (it led to collapse of his authority among Greater Polish nobles). Than he would need to promise, that he would stay in Cracow as a king. Than, he would need to undo Louis's proclamation and return Red Ruthenia to Poland. If these demands were fulfilled, Sigismund could become king of Poland. But it has it's weak side. Returning Red Ruthenia to Poland, while being an lawful act (the pacts between Louis and Casimir III stated that Ruthenia will remain Polish as long as Poland is ruled by an Angevin or Angevin descendant), would enrage Hungarian nobles and cause their switch to Charles of Durazzo. To have Sigismund stay in power also in Buda after such an act, you'd need to have Charles killed before he reached Hungary. Than Sigismund would only need to defeat his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of Bosnia (who was fiercely anti-Luxembourg) to become King. And Ladislaus of Durazzo will be still an threat for Sigismund, so he'd still need to purge pro-Durazzo nobles. Regarding HRE, Wenceslaus made Sigismund vicarius generali of Emperor with an task of liberating Emperor (Wenceslaus) from the imprisonment of his own subjects. Unfortunately (for Wenceslaus), Sigismund himself was …. imprisoned by his own Hungarian subjects while obtaining such an favour from his Imperial brother. So you'd need to have Sigismund not be imprisoned by Hungarians and he could help his brother. It'd mean lack of Rupert's ascension to Imperial dignity, and Sigismund could be named co-ruler of Wenceslaus in 1400. Regarding ethnicity question - we need to notice that the notion of ethnicity in Middle Ages was rather shaky, and was based upon language and religion. Bohemian and Polish langauges didn't differ that much during Sigismund's lifetime, the major split came later, when Polish got a massive influx of former Ruthenian and Lithuanian speakers, which gave the language a lot of features not existing in other Western Slavic languages and Bohemian adopted John Hus's ortography. ITTL, Bohemian won't adopt Hus ortography (because Hus doesn't die and there are no Hussite wars) and Polish won't get Ruthenian and Lithuanian influx, which would cause the languages to stay very similar.
 
First of all, we need to notice that Poland wasn't even an elective monarchy when Sigismund had a realistic chance of becoming it's king, it was an elective monarchy . It just didn't follow the Western law of primogeniture and it's monarch still had a right to pick his own heir as he wishes. Casimir III the Great took advantage of this priviledge and picked Louis of Hungary, his nephew as an heir in place of his grandson, Casimir of Słupsk. And about what resources you're talking about? The resources which Casimir III gathered were destroyed during the rule of Louis I. Louis I disliked Poles and thought about them as unloyal servants of Angevin dynasty, because Casimir of Słupsk (grandson of Casimir III and uncle of Sigismund of Luxembourg) had still some following among Polish nobles and there were rumours about Casimir of Słupsk wanting to regain Polish throne with the help of Charles IV of Luxembourg (father of Sigismund) in exchange of making Sigismund the heir to Poland. So Louis wasn't exactly fond of Luxembourgs and tried to secure succesion of his daughters by taking away Red Ruthenia from Poland (without Red Ruthenia and with disastrous effects of Louis's rule Poland was essentialy a bag of sand full of angry, useless warmongers) and giving priviledges to nobility. In addition, after the death of Louis's oldest daughter Catherine, betrothal of Sigismund and Mary, his second eldest was cancelled in favor of former "fiancee" of Catherine, Louis of Orleans and was only returned after request of Pope Urban VI. Nonetheless, Elizabeth of Bosnia (Louis's widow) tried to oust Sigismund once again and called Louis of Orleans to take Hungarian throne as a husband of Mary. So why Louis of Orleans should help Sigismund, who forced him to GTFO from very rich kingdom ten years ago? In order to succesfully become king of Poland, Sigismund would need to meet the demands of delusional fools known as Cracow lords, who saw their country as some kind of great power, when in reality it barely avoided absorption by Hungary. First of all, Sigismund should not meet with Grand Master of TO (it led to collapse of his authority among Greater Polish nobles). Than he would need to promise, that he would stay in Cracow as a king. Than, he would need to undo Louis's proclamation and return Red Ruthenia to Poland. If these demands were fulfilled, Sigismund could become king of Poland. But it has it's weak side. Returning Red Ruthenia to Poland, while being an lawful act (the pacts between Louis and Casimir III stated that Ruthenia will remain Polish as long as Poland is ruled by an Angevin or Angevin descendant), would enrage Hungarian nobles and cause their switch to Charles of Durazzo. To have Sigismund stay in power also in Buda after such an act, you'd need to have Charles killed before he reached Hungary. Than Sigismund would only need to defeat his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of Bosnia (who was fiercely anti-Luxembourg) to become King. And Ladislaus of Durazzo will be still an threat for Sigismund, so he'd still need to purge pro-Durazzo nobles. Regarding HRE, Wenceslaus made Sigismund vicarius generali of Emperor with an task of liberating Emperor (Wenceslaus) from the imprisonment of his own subjects. Unfortunately (for Wenceslaus), Sigismund himself was …. imprisoned by his own Hungarian subjects while obtaining such an favour from his Imperial brother. So you'd need to have Sigismund not be imprisoned by Hungarians and he could help his brother. It'd mean lack of Rupert's ascension to Imperial dignity, and Sigismund could be named co-ruler of Wenceslaus in 1400. Regarding ethnicity question - we need to notice that the notion of ethnicity in Middle Ages was rather shaky, and was based upon language and religion. Bohemian and Polish langauges didn't differ that much during Sigismund's lifetime, the major split came later, when Polish got a massive influx of former Ruthenian and Lithuanian speakers, which gave the language a lot of features not existing in other Western Slavic languages and Bohemian adopted John Hus's ortography. ITTL, Bohemian won't adopt Hus ortography (because Hus doesn't die and there are no Hussite wars) and Polish won't get Ruthenian and Lithuanian influx, which would cause the languages to stay very similar.

Polish will be similar to Lesser Polish/Upper Silesian dialects right.
 
First of all, we need to notice that Poland wasn't even an elective monarchy when Sigismund had a realistic chance of becoming it's king, it was an elective monarchy . It just didn't follow the Western law of primogeniture and it's monarch still had a right to pick his own heir as he wishes. Casimir III the Great took advantage of this priviledge and picked Louis of Hungary, his nephew as an heir in place of his grandson, Casimir of Słupsk. And about what resources you're talking about? The resources which Casimir III gathered were destroyed during the rule of Louis I. Louis I disliked Poles and thought about them as unloyal servants of Angevin dynasty, because Casimir of Słupsk (grandson of Casimir III and uncle of Sigismund of Luxembourg) had still some following among Polish nobles and there were rumours about Casimir of Słupsk wanting to regain Polish throne with the help of Charles IV of Luxembourg (father of Sigismund) in exchange of making Sigismund the heir to Poland. So Louis wasn't exactly fond of Luxembourgs and tried to secure succesion of his daughters by taking away Red Ruthenia from Poland (without Red Ruthenia and with disastrous effects of Louis's rule Poland was essentialy a bag of sand full of angry, useless warmongers) and giving priviledges to nobility. In addition, after the death of Louis's oldest daughter Catherine, betrothal of Sigismund and Mary, his second eldest was cancelled in favor of former "fiancee" of Catherine, Louis of Orleans and was only returned after request of Pope Urban VI. Nonetheless, Elizabeth of Bosnia (Louis's widow) tried to oust Sigismund once again and called Louis of Orleans to take Hungarian throne as a husband of Mary. So why Louis of Orleans should help Sigismund, who forced him to GTFO from very rich kingdom ten years ago? In order to succesfully become king of Poland, Sigismund would need to meet the demands of delusional fools known as Cracow lords, who saw their country as some kind of great power, when in reality it barely avoided absorption by Hungary. First of all, Sigismund should not meet with Grand Master of TO (it led to collapse of his authority among Greater Polish nobles). Than he would need to promise, that he would stay in Cracow as a king. Than, he would need to undo Louis's proclamation and return Red Ruthenia to Poland. If these demands were fulfilled, Sigismund could become king of Poland. But it has it's weak side. Returning Red Ruthenia to Poland, while being an lawful act (the pacts between Louis and Casimir III stated that Ruthenia will remain Polish as long as Poland is ruled by an Angevin or Angevin descendant), would enrage Hungarian nobles and cause their switch to Charles of Durazzo. To have Sigismund stay in power also in Buda after such an act, you'd need to have Charles killed before he reached Hungary. Than Sigismund would only need to defeat his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of Bosnia (who was fiercely anti-Luxembourg) to become King. And Ladislaus of Durazzo will be still an threat for Sigismund, so he'd still need to purge pro-Durazzo nobles. Regarding HRE, Wenceslaus made Sigismund vicarius generali of Emperor with an task of liberating Emperor (Wenceslaus) from the imprisonment of his own subjects. Unfortunately (for Wenceslaus), Sigismund himself was …. imprisoned by his own Hungarian subjects while obtaining such an favour from his Imperial brother. So you'd need to have Sigismund not be imprisoned by Hungarians and he could help his brother. It'd mean lack of Rupert's ascension to Imperial dignity, and Sigismund could be named co-ruler of Wenceslaus in 1400. Regarding ethnicity question - we need to notice that the notion of ethnicity in Middle Ages was rather shaky, and was based upon language and religion. Bohemian and Polish langauges didn't differ that much during Sigismund's lifetime, the major split came later, when Polish got a massive influx of former Ruthenian and Lithuanian speakers, which gave the language a lot of features not existing in other Western Slavic languages and Bohemian adopted John Hus's ortography. ITTL, Bohemian won't adopt Hus ortography (because Hus doesn't die and there are no Hussite wars) and Polish won't get Ruthenian and Lithuanian influx, which would cause the languages to stay very similar.

Thanks for the info about the specifics of the Polish and Hungarian succession, that's even thornier and more complicated than I thought. You're right, it does seem like the Angevins would have to be distracted or otherwise at least temporarily removed from the picture. Assuming Charles of Durazzo is still assassinated by Elizabeth in 1386, though, might it be possible for Sigismund to take Hungary as he did historically while still holding Poland? The opposition of the Hungarian nobility would of course make this a challenge, and it might be difficult for him to project power elsewhere while dealing with the Polish nobles. The easiest POD, then, might be Charles' war against Louis in Naples in the early 1380s going worse and his being killed, taking him off the board earlier on and majorly simplifying the Hungarian and Polish situation, especially assuming that Louis still dies childless soon thereafter. One other thing that might help here is the plot to poison Ladislaus of Naples in 1390, which almost killed him OTL, succeeding, thus removing the last major Angevin claimant (and possibly also preventing the Hungarian loss of Dalmatia to Venice, given that OTL Ladislaus, after conquering Dalmatia from Sigismund but failing to advance further, sold the province to the Venetians).

In terms of Sigismund and Wenceslaus, I'd think that Sigismund might be able to avoid being imprisoned by his subjects (and the general decline in his position in Hungary between 1396 and 1400) if he had been successful in the Nicopolis crusade and Mary had survived to give birth to his heir. I wasn't aware that the Polish-Bohemian linguistic split hadn't happened yet, but that makes sense; given the lack of Hussite wars ITTL, it might be easier for future Luxembourg rulers to hold both these kingdoms together.
 
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Thanks for the info about the specifics of the Polish and Hungarian succession, that's even thornier and more complicated than I thought. You're right, it does seem like the Angevins would have to be distracted or otherwise at least temporarily removed from the picture. Assuming Charles of Durazzo is still assassinated by Elizabeth in 1386, though, might it be possible for Sigismund to take Hungary as he did historically while still holding Poland? The opposition of the Hungarian nobility would of course make this a challenge, and it might be difficult for him to project power elsewhere while dealing with the Polish nobles. The easiest POD, then, might be Charles' war against Louis in Naples in the early 1380s going worse and his being killed, taking him off the board earlier on and majorly simplifying the Hungarian and Polish situation, especially assuming that Louis still dies childless soon thereafter. One other thing that might help here is the plot to poison Ladislaus of Naples in 1390, which almost killed him OTL, succeeding, thus removing the last major Angevin claimant (and possibly also preventing the Hungarian loss of Dalmatia to Venice, given that OTL Ladislaus, after conquering Dalmatia from Sigismund but failing to advance further, sold the province to the Venetians).

In terms of Sigismund and Wenceslaus, I'd think that Sigismund might be able to avoid being imprisoned by his subjects (and the general decline in his position in Hungary between 1396 and 1400) if he had been successful in the Nicopolis crusade and Mary had survived to give birth to his heir. I wasn't aware that the Polish-Bohemian linguistic split hadn't happened yet, but that makes sense; given the lack of Hussite wars ITTL, it might be easier for future Luxembourg rulers to hold both these kingdoms together.

The Split has already happened since Polish Silesian is different from Czech.
 

krieger

Banned
Thanks for the info about the specifics of the Polish and Hungarian succession, that's even thornier and more complicated than I thought. You're right, it does seem like the Angevins would have to be distracted or otherwise at least temporarily removed from the picture. Assuming Charles of Durazzo is still assassinated by Elizabeth in 1386, though, might it be possible for Sigismund to take Hungary as he did historically while still holding Poland? The opposition of the Hungarian nobility would of course make this a challenge, and it might be difficult for him to project power elsewhere while dealing with the Polish nobles. The easiest POD, then, might be Charles' war against Louis in Naples in the early 1380s going worse and his being killed, taking him off the board earlier on and majorly simplifying the Hungarian and Polish situation, especially assuming that Louis still dies childless soon thereafter. One other thing that might help here is the plot to poison Ladislaus of Naples in 1390, which almost killed him OTL, succeeding, thus removing the last major Angevin claimant (and possibly also preventing the Hungarian loss of Dalmatia to Venice, given that OTL Ladislaus, after conquering Dalmatia from Sigismund but failing to advance further, sold the province to the Venetians).

In terms of Sigismund and Wenceslaus, I'd think that Sigismund might be able to avoid being imprisoned by his subjects (and the general decline in his position in Hungary between 1396 and 1400) if he had been successful in the Nicopolis crusade and Mary had survived to give birth to his heir. I wasn't aware that the Polish-Bohemian linguistic split hadn't happened yet, but that makes sense; given the lack of Hussite wars ITTL, it might be easier for future Luxembourg rulers to hold both these kingdoms together.

The chances of course are still there, but they aren't as high as IOTL. Better let Charles die in Naples, but there still is a major risk. Elizabeth of Bosnia, mother of Mary d'Anjou didn't want Sigismund as a her son-in-law and ousted him from Hungary. To have Sigismund claim Hungarian throne peacefully you'd need Elizabeth of Bosnia to die around 1384 and than Sigismund would not have any problems in Hungary. Winning Nicopolis crusade will also be a great improvement.
 
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