It is incorrect to assert that Ukrainian Cossacks served "White Russia". The Ukrainian Hetmanate, Ukrainian's People's Republic, and Kuban People's Republic were all independent Ukrainian States that fought against both the Bolsheviks and White Russia.
There seem to be alot of confusion about Ukraine. My understanding is that Ukraine and Russias relationship as nations is similar to the relationship of the Scandinavian nations(Denmark, Norway, Sweden). That Russia and Ukraine has shared roots, in the not to distant past(within last millennium, 1000-2000). Do you or anybody else know how Russia and Ukraine should be seen?

By proportion how many of the Ukrainian population supported the different factions/Ideologies during the russian civilwar?
The 14th Waffen S.S or 1st and 2nd Ukrainian National Army divisions, were spared this fate through the intervention of Polish officers and resettled in the U.S. Mostly New Jersey. I think this is an option as well, resettlement in the U.S.
Were it only soldiers who were resettled or were civilians that were aligned with these soldiers also resettled? Has the Polish and American involvement in this resettlement strengthened ties between the countries Poland, Ukraine and the United States?
 
I can't find a source on this, my memory may be mistaken.
It is the Swiss Constitution, as amended in 1874, which bans Swiss citizens from serving in foreign militaries. Lone exception was made for the Papal Swiss Guard at the Vatican. The Swiss Constitution also bans military alliances.
 
Do you or anybody else know how Russia and Ukraine should be seen?

A similar and cultural-intertwined but still separate peoples. Of course, recent events have made this a very politically charged question, so it's best to ask in the Chat subforum (maybe the Russia superthread or a new one) if you want to know more.

By proportion how many of the Ukrainian population supported the different factions/Ideologies during the russian civilwar?

That one, I don't know. AFAIK, they're very divided, ranging from separatists, Whites, Reds and Makhnovist anarchists.
 
A similar and cultural-intertwined but still separate peoples. Of course, recent events have made this a very politically charged question, so it's best to ask in the Chat subforum (maybe the Russia superthread or a new one) if you want to know more.



That one, I don't know. AFAIK, they're very divided, ranging from separatists, Whites, Reds and Makhnovist anarchists.
This is why i am curious. Before the Ukrainian revolution, many mistook or assumed that Ukraine was another Russia, but that has changed now. The map depicting Russia and Ukraine as "not Russia" has been important in solidifying the distinction in the minds of westerners.
 

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There seem to be alot of confusion about Ukraine. My understanding is that Ukraine and Russias relationship as nations is similar to the relationship of the Scandinavian nations(Denmark, Norway, Sweden). That Russia and Ukraine has shared roots, in the not to distant past(within last millennium, 1000-2000). Do you or anybody else know how Russia and Ukraine should be seen?

By proportion how many of the Ukrainian population supported the different factions/Ideologies during the russian civilwar?

Were it only soldiers who were resettled or were civilians that were aligned with these soldiers also resettled? Has the Polish and American involvement in this resettlement strengthened ties between the countries Poland, Ukraine and the United States?

The Scandinavian analogy isn't quite right for a few reasons and East Slavic nations are historically and linguistically more distinct. For example Ukrainian and Russian have a ~58% lexical similarity. For reference Italian, Spanish, and French all hover around 70-80%. This is mitigated somewhat since most everyone in Ukrainian can speak Russian to one degree or another, though this is due to russification efforts of the Soviet Union mostly. In 1653 during the signing of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian Muscovite alliance against Poland, the Ukrainian and Muscovite delegations required translators as they could not understand each other. Many Ukrainian websites and movies are in Russian to attract people from all over the former Soviet Union. This includes many popular Ukrainian TV shows, even one, Слуга Народу, which is a comedy about a fictionalized Ukrainian President has most of the dialogue in Russian. This goes the same for most of literature and video games too. This is all changing in the last few years, however.

The roots of Ukraine are in the tribe of Polianians (superficially unrelated to the West Slavic Polianians) who founded the city of Kyiv. The original leaders of the Kyivan Rus' were in Kyiv and the city of Novgorod came from Scandinavia but they had assimilated a little before the Christianizationfor the Rus'. Ukrainains and Russians have different ethnic differences.

In the old Kyivan Rus' the majority of religious centers, population, and the capitol city, Kyiv, were all located in Ukraine. Eventually the Rus' split up in the 11th and 12th centuries iirc. The city of Kyiv would change hands but essentially most of the time it, and the surrounding Ukrainian lands would be under the control of the Kingdom of Halych and Volyn' (Galicia Volhynia) based around the modern day city of L'viv, which was named after King Lev, though I can't remember their official capitol. It was only Galicia that resisted the Mongols fully and defended the city of Kyiv from their encroaching hordes.

At this point Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) people and Muscovite Russians were fairly distinct with the first references to the word Ukraine, which just means, literally, the country we are in, are recorded in the 11th century. Though the use of Ruthenia, Latin for Rus' was more common. Moscuvy and Russia itself were founded as distinct socio-political entities much later though they obviously have their roots in East Slavic civilization too, their connection to the Kyivan Rus' is not as clear as they were originally of a different tribe and not a part of the Kyivan Rus' until Prince Svyatoslav conquered them in retribution for killing his father when he came to collect tribute.

During the collapse of the Russian Empire most Ukrainians supported, nominally, the Ukrainian Peoples Republic or the Western Ukrainian Peoples Republic. They were 2 governments but legally in union, one controlled former Austro-Hungarian territory in Galicia. The anarchists, and bolsheviks were a minority though both had significant bases of support among some peasants and industrial workers respectivly.

I think it was both that were resettled. Historically it was a spot of good relations for Ukrainians and Poles though recently that isn't as true.
 
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[*Only one country stood firm against Stalin’s demands: tiny Liechtenstein, with an entire population of less than 13,000 people, most of them farmers, no army, and a police force of eleven men. No refugees, Soviet citizens or otherwise, would be sent back to Russia by force, the government of Liechtenstein courageously declared to the Soviet delegation which came to claim them in 1945.]
https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/forced-repatriation-to-the-soviet-union-the-secret-betrayal/
 
[*Only one country stood firm against Stalin’s demands: tiny Liechtenstein, with an entire population of less than 13,000 people, most of them farmers, no army, and a police force of eleven men. No refugees, Soviet citizens or otherwise, would be sent back to Russia by force, the government of Liechtenstein courageously declared to the Soviet delegation which came to claim them in 1945.]
https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/forced-repatriation-to-the-soviet-union-the-secret-betrayal/

To be honest, had the Soviets been able to reach Tyrol, they would have walked in to seize the fleeing Cossacks. But the fact that they didn't, and can't move into the WAllies zone without permission gave Liechtenstein the edge.
 
To be honest, had the Soviets been able to reach Tyrol, they would have walked in to seize the fleeing Cossacks. But the fact that they didn't, and can't move into the WAllies zone without permission gave Liechtenstein the edge.
If the Soviets had done that their reputation would have been damaged, but maybe you are right.
 
To be honest, had the Soviets been able to reach Tyrol, they would have walked in to seize the fleeing Cossacks. But the fact that they didn't, and can't move into the WAllies zone without permission gave Liechtenstein the edge.
Do you think the Soviets would have done such a direct intervention in Switzerland too, if the Swiss took the same line as Liechtenstein?

Here is a article on Swiss repatriation of Soviets. I could not read i though, maybe some one else can.
https://www.nytimes.com/1945/10/03/archives/sovietswiss-repatriation-solved.html
 
As if the Soviets would have cared. This is the same government that brought us such hits as Hungry 1956 and Czechoslovakia 1968.
How was this seen around the world? Were the world shocked? Were the world condemming these actions? What happened, how did people/states react and why did they react the way they did? Were these actions percieved as legitimate in Soviet Union and beyond?
 
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