alternatehistory.com

A POD that I think is underused is: what if the orthodox Muslims eventually won the Ridda wars, but only after so long and brutal a struggle that the Arab military expansion machine and unified polity permanently fell apart?
It would leave a recognizable Islam (plus possibly a small remnant of the followers of one of the apostate prophets), but force it to spread through non-state proselytization, like Buddhism, as well as preserving some of the old geopolitical structure of the Mediterranean.
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