Younger contemporary of Aristotle - Heraclides of Heraclea Pontica - discovered that the earth rotates on its axis, and Mercury and Venus orbit the Solntsa.7) This new view was adopted by Aristarchus of Samos (about 310 -. 230 years), a disciple of the Peripatetic Strato, who made the further discovery that the sun is much larger than the Earth - as he thought about 300 times. Perhaps this has made it impossible for the geocentric theory and he proposed a new point of view, that the Earth and all the planets revolve around the sun in circles, and that the sun itself, and the stars are fixed, the latter are at a great distance from each other. This hypothesis would be to mark a new era in the realm of thought, though Aristarchus could not prove it.
Seleucus Chaldeans enigmatic figure for us, defending the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus and tried to find a way to prove its correctness. Hipparchus took epicycles and eccentric circles and made them more successful on mathematical operations than Apollonius, constructing the geocentric system, which in a later copy of Claudius Ptolemy held sway until Copernicus. Seleucus was defeated, Apollonius system died, and the whole world agreed that the Sun, Moon and planets revolve around the Earth. Hipparchus saw real the apparent motion of the sun, but he could not quite understand the motion of the moon. You have to feel sorry about it, because a victory would kill the heliocentric theory of astrology and have saved the world from the endless torment. Hipparchus is usually credited with the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes; according to his calculations, the equinox point moves forward annually to 36 "(actually on 50'3757"). The answer to the question of whether he had made himself a discovery or not, depends on the intended priority Kidenny. Hipparchus, of course, used the Babylonian eclipses, tables and many other data obtained by the Babylonians; not known how big his duty to the Babylonians; he knew and labor Kidenny as definitely failed to establish that he borrowed his equation - 251 lunar month = 269 anomalistic. Its calculation years, however, does not coincide with Kidenne attributed, as a result gave about 6 minutes 14.3 "greater than the mean tropical year. In any case, they established the fact that a year is not equal to 365 1/4 days was not practical accepted until the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The calculation of the average duration of Hipparchus lunar month differed from the right by less than 1 ", and his ideas about the distance of the Moon from the Earth and its diameter were very close to reality. He took a lot of sun in 1880 times greater than the mass of the Earth, and became aware of its huge distance, taking her in 1245 Earth diameters, and not 180, as the thought Aristarchus; Unfortunately, Ptolemy reduced it to 605. In its observations of Hipparchus used the parallax, already known to Archimedes. His greatest work was a catalog of more than 805 fixed stars, to determine their latitude and longitude coordinates and dividing them into three classes according to the brightness; This catalog has been expanded several Ptolemy. Hipparchus was the last of scientists astronomers, if you do not include the number of Ptolemy; Hipparchus is already on the threshold of a new century - the century of astrology.
However, it should indicate the name of one of the scientists I century, as he we find two brilliant guesses. Sun Poseidonius determined diameter of 39 1/4 the diameter of the earth rather than in 12 1/3 as Gipparch, 6 or 4.3 as Aristarch; He also determined the distance of the Sun from the Earth 6545 Earth diameters, and not in 1245 as that of Hipparchus. This is the case in the first 3/8 and 5/8 in the second real value. But he received that amount by taking the statement of Archimedes, that the apparent diameter of the sun's orbit is 10 thousand. Earth, while in the other case, Archimedes showed that it should be less than 10 thousand. This is a good illustration of the methods of Posidonius.
And perhaps there was the adoption of the heliocentric model in that era? And what are the consequences?