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OTL, Felipe II’s only marriage that gave him more than one son was his last marriage, which also just happened to be his niece. Unfortunately, only one of these boys survived, and later became king of Spain as Felipe III.

The boys were:

Fernando (b.1571, d.1578)

Carlos Lorenzo (b.1573, d.1575)

Diego Felix (b.1575, d.1582)

Felipe III (b.1578)

Now, the elder four boys all seemed to have died by fluke accident, rather than genetic problems from mom being dad’s niece. Fernando died of dysentery, Carlos Lorenzo (the only one of Felipe’s sons who never held the title of Prince of the Asturias) died of influenza; the news of Carlos Lorenzo’s death caused Anna of Austria to go into shock, and she gave birth prematurely to Diego Felix, who later died of (variously) smallpox or chicken pox.

This left Felipe III as the last infante standing.

Also OTL, when the Treaty of Oñate was drawn up, it recognized the fact that should Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II’s sons all die childless (which they did), the next heir to the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, was through the distaff line of his eldest daughter, the same Anna who was Felipe III’s mother. As a solution to this problem, the Spanish Habsburgs agreed to the terms that there should only be one Habsburg candidate for the Imperial throne, and in return for them giving up Bohemia/Hungary, they were supposed to get some land bordering on their Burgundian territories that belonged to the Imperial line IIRC.

How would this play out if Felipe II and Anna’s marriage leaves two surviving sons? Obviously, with a POD at earliest in 1575, this could change a great deal of things, but let’s suppose that things play out more or less as OTL, and that by the 1610s, none of the sons of Maximilian II have surviving issue. The next heir is thus the adult Infante Felipe (who’s possibly married already if he’s not in the church), unless Felipe II’s partitioned his realm – Fernando/Carlos/Diego gets Spain, Portugal and Italy; Felipe gets Burgundy.

Would Spain still agree to an alt-Oñate Treaty? Or would Felipe (who from what I’ve read, was as hyper-Catholic as OTL’s Emperor Ferdinand II) inherit the royal crowns (perhaps on condition he votes for his cousin/brother-in-law), while the Inner Austrian branch gets the Imperial diadem? What would Spain have to give up if Felipe were to inherit Bohemia/Hungary? And would the Inner Austrian line consent to it?
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