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What if the Fulani religious leader Usman dan Fodio's jihad campaign against the Bornu empire in the 1800's had ultimately failed, preventing the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate?
Could Bornu's weakening as a power player in West Africa not happen? What about the other, earlier-estabilished Fulani states further west?
How does this affect the nature of Islam in West Africa? Would syncretic traditions flourish for longer (as Fodio apparently denounced)?
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