WI: Could the Liberal Revolutions in 1848 in Germany have unified it?

Like the question says, could the 1848 Liberal Revolution in Germany unite the country?

Not by itself. The conservative and reactionary forces in esp. Prussia and Austria were too stong outside the capital cities. The Paulskirche would need outside help, while Prussia and Austria have to be even more distracted than OTL.
Russia unable to intervene in Hungary might help a little bit, but unless Prussia has gone full measure autocratically cruel, the UK will not help the liberals, and they are way too nationalistic to appreciate French support.
 
Not by itself. The conservative and reactionary forces in esp. Prussia and Austria were too stong outside the capital cities. The Paulskirche would need outside help, while Prussia and Austria have to be even more distracted than OTL.
Russia unable to intervene in Hungary might help a little bit, but unless Prussia has gone full measure autocratically cruel, the UK will not help the liberals, and they are way too nationalistic to appreciate French support.
I disagree.

It would, indeed, be tough to pull off, and you'd certainly need smaller states to not call in Prussian troops to suppress their liberal uprisings. But some sort of external threat (be it an expansionist Prussia or France, say) could make some of the autocratic regimes more amenable to internal reform to face the external threat.

How liberal it would be with Prussia as the strongest power, is another question. But I do think there's a real chance that '48 could have led to a reasonably unified, somewhat liberal, federal German nation.

If the Prussian King hadn't been quite so reactionary - if he'd been willing to take a 'crown from the gutter', that MIGHT suffice right there.


It's rather low probability. And to get a particularly plausible scenario, you might have to change a couple of the actors, or there personalities, or at least reorder their menu of concerns.
 
TBH, what I see as being the single biggest issue facing the revolutionaries is that they simply don't have the support of the institutions, the important ones needed to hold together the new state; they not only need to merge together dozens of assorted state institutions, but overcome the fact that those institutions are dominated by reactionaries. Those institutions are the law courts, the bureaucracy, and the army. They need those to survive, but those are all for their own reasons quite strongly opposed to the unification.
 
I'll repeat an old soc.history.what-if post of mine:


IMO German unification in 1848-50 was very unlikely. However, the *reason*
it was very unlikely has sometimes been misunderstood.

The essential problem was *not* that Frederick William IV rejected the
crown offered to him under the Frankfurt Constitution that had been
ratified on March 28, 1849. He wished to receive the crown from his fellow
princes, not from representatives of the people (as he put it, he would not
pick up "a crown from the gutter"). He was offended by the way the
Constitution had been drafted--according to him, it should from the
beginning been negotiated between the convention and the member states that
wanted to join.

However, this problem could be resolved. Most of the states indicated a
willingness to accept the new Constitution, and even Prussia was willing to
lead a small-German (i.e., Austria excluded) federation if some conditions
were met and the consent of the other states obtained. Accordingly, in May
1849 the Constitution was modified along the lines suggested by a Prussian
draft; this revised constitution not only met with the fundamental approval
of most of the states but also with that of the Reichstag that was convened
in Erfurt the following year. (The Erfurt Constitution was considerably
less democratic than the Frankfurt Constitution on March 1849 had been--for
example, equal and universal suffrage was dropped, the government was given
an absolute, not merely "suspensive" veto of decisions adopted by
Parliament, etc.)

This constitution could have been adopted even though the democrats
boycotted the Erfurt Reichstag--both conservatives and democrats were
willing to compromise on key points. The real problem was Austria's
opposition. It rejected the idea of a "small German" federation under the
hegemony of Prussia (even though it was to be supplemented by a loose
confederation with Austria--the so-called *Doppelbund*) and instead
proposed to include the whole of Austria in a federation. According to
this plan, the new union would have seventy million inhabitants with
Austria alone representing thirty-eight million in the house of states!
Obviously this "Siebzig-Millionen-Reich" had no chance of getting the
approval of Prussia or of most north Germans. In any event, Austrian
opposition also encouraged Bavaria and Wurttemberg to reject the Prussian
plan.

In short, the real problem in 1849 is that Austria was not willing to leave
Germany alone and Prussia at that stage (unlike 1866) was not willing or
able to force her to do so. I have never seen a plausible way out of this
dilemma (though I certainly don't claim to be an expert on Germany history
of that era). Was there *any* potential Austrian regime that would
acquiesce in a Prussian-dominated federation or *any* potential Prussian
ruler who *under the conditions of 1849* would go to war with Austria to
establish such a federation? (And even if so, would he be successful?
After all, Prussian industry was not what it would be in 1866, and Austria
had not yet been weakened by the war in Italy.) I just don't see it.
 
Was there *any* potential Austrian regime that would acquiesce in a Prussian-dominated federation or *any* potential Prussian ruler who *under the conditions of 1849* would go to war with Austria to establish such a federation? (And even if so, would he be successful? After all, Prussian industry was not what it would be in 1866, and Austria had not yet been weakened by the war in Italy.) I just don't see it.

Indeed, would it have happened even in 1866 without a Bismarck there to manipulate the King into thinking Austria was about to attack him?
 
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