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As the title says, how would history have developed if the natural border of the Pyrenees was never passed by Charlemagne and to a greater extent the franks until the end of the Carolingian dynasty and the division of france into 3 parts.
With no Spanish march would a Reconquista be possible?
What would be the result if it survived to the modern day with an islamic power in western Europe?
How would things look in the new world?