Depending on when you're looking at I have some ideas.
In OTL the war destroyed the German monarchy, but ITTL the German Kaiser remains a predominate figure throughout the 20th century. His power would start to weaken over-time as more democratic or socialist forces in Germany gain power, as time goes on, it would be likely that the monarch turns into a simple figure-head. The quick victory in the war means that the territorial changes would honestly be pretty small. For the west, having Belgium be listed as a German puppet state is possibly but I personally can’t say how likely such a demand would be. When peace talks were being discussed at the tail end of 1916, the Germans essentially demanded this, but it would be un-certain if that would occur in TTL. The small nation of Luxembourg may very well be annexed as well as some adjustments along the French border, primarily in the area of Longwy-Brier or the whole Lorraine province. This region was rich in coal, limestone and iron, producing close to 80% of Frances pre-war Iron Ore and having a large amount of varied resources within a rather compact area. With this land, Germany would not only cripple Frances iron production, but also produce nearly half of all Iron ore in Europe.
Many may look at the Treaty of Brest Litovsk as what German territorial ambitions would be in the east. However, this thought is almost certainly incorrect. When the treaty was presented, the Central Powers were on the brink of starvation, exhaustion and bankruptcy and wanted to make sure that Russia could not be a threat to them in the near future. The land taken was not only to cripple Russian population and industry, but also to get grain, meat, and other food products to prevent starvation both at home and on the front lines. The more realistic ambitions in the east would likely only consist of ceding Russian Poland, and Lithuania to the Germans.
The Austro-Hungarian empire split apart into four separate nations towards the end of 1918, but even if the Empire comes out of this alternate war relatively un-scathed, it will still be near collapse. It had been in decline for over a century and ethnic tension was about to its breaking point. The main Austrian army had all but been destroyed during the Russian counter-offensive into Galicia at the end of 1914, and various minorities (primarily Slavs) within the Austrian army actually joined the invading Russians. Other’s like the Czechs were reluctant to fight away from their cultural homeland as they did not have equal rights through-out the empire. Land gains for the Austrians would be limited to putting Serbia as a client state under their control, if a Polish puppet state is created by the Germans, it is possible that the Polish strip of the empire would join that state. The death of emperor Franz Joseph in 1916 removed one of the few factors that held the empire together. While the new Emperor could attempt to improve the political conditions of the minority, he would be faced with constant back-lash from the larger ethic groups such as the Germans and Hungarians, that didn’t want to lose any political control within the Empire.
The Ottoman Empire would likely survive for a few decades after this war. Nationalism within the rest of the empire, had mainly sparked during the late 19th century, and while many cultural /nationalist groups were still active by WW1, many demanded autonomy, rather than outright independence. The Arab Revolt that occurred in OTL wouldn’t occur, it got a large amount of funding from the British and French, as well as some military support, it is possible to have them still fund these nomads for their own interests in the area (primarily the British) but they simply don’t have the military might to achieve OTL success, remember, the Ottomans were fighting on five fronts for a long period of the war. How long will they last after this war? Who knows, they could survive until the modern day and beyond, or more likely be destroyed as time went on in this alternate time-line.
How would Russia and France be after this war? It is difficult to predict. The Russian Revolution that occurred IOTL, likely wouldn’t occur, however, a revolution of some kind is almost certain to happen. A defeat would shatter what mass confidence people had for the Tsars government, and a revolution had already occurred in 1905. As to whether or not this revolution would mirror the 1905 one is uncertain. It may very well be a repeat, with the Tsar quote in quote, giving more power to a national assembly, one which he never used. Or he may well be over-thrown. It’s impossible to know. The dominate forces behind the revolution would not be communist in nature. The Petrograd Soviet and communist forces in general, didn’t have much power until over a year later IOTL.
France may very well experience of a revolution of her own, but we simply don’t know for certain. A large amount of the far-right had been opposed to the war at the start, while many of the far-left, socialists and proto-fascists had supported the government’s decision for war. While this might cause support for the united left to fall, it’s uncertain if this would cause the Raymond Poincaré government to fall. If a revolution does occur, the communists wouldn’t even be a factor. The French communist party wasn’t even established until the split of the popular front in 1920, following the Communist International founded by Lenin in 1919.