1623, The First Pequoed War: The Pequoeds were on the warpath in the beginning of the year. The white men coming from the south had pushed north, taking lands that did not belong to them. They had killed many hunters and traders for trespassing. And when those hunters' and traders' families responded in kind, the white men.... they burned a village. Or two.
Sachem Wampowoet had called a council of war in 1623, calling nearly forty under-sachems to him. The Pequoed would fight the men from the south. The Pequoed were after all, known by their name (Paquatuoq, destruction) for their prowess in combat and their frightfully powerful appearances. They were once like these white men, newcomers, carving out their own realm. And they had succeeded, controlling lands, as a white man would put it, from Neue-Embden to
Under-Sachems Sassacus and Uncas would lead the campaign against these southerners. There were nearly twelve thousand Pequoed and about two and a half thousand ready for the warpath. Of these, about half could fight for the Grace River. These men of Grace? They numbered at most three-thousand, counting the town of Canaan, which had its own problems up the Fresh River. Of that, many were women and children. The militias of Grace numbered about five-hundred in the area.
The man named Myles Standish, the Great Enemy as he was called by Grace Basin Pequoed, was situated only a mile or so south of the source of the Grace River at his town of Mission Duxbury. Sassacus and Uncas agreed (nearly the only time during their campaign) to begin their assault by cutting the river off from the Soldier-Puritan.
Standish had moved as far north as possible, realizing that to control the source of the river was to control the traffic on the river (at least in the piedmore dominated American rivers).
He had left few villages behind him, executing entire communties, forcing others to march a week's distance, but most of the land in between was not yet re-occupied. (Which is not to say it wasn't claimed. Much of the Grace River Basin had already been claimed by basically non-existent townships or companies. And then, of course, the Pequoed claims.)
Sassacus and Uncas crossed the Grace river in March. They brought with them a number of the refugees sent on a week's march, to retake the lands of the Grace River.
Their army of a little more than a thousand tribesmen was shattered by Standish's first assault. A night raid on March 17 broke the temporary camps of the Pequoed into chaos. Standish had massed his muskets into their own tight bonded (literally, every other man was chained with junk iron bracers to his neighbour for cohesion) for this first display of force against the Indians massed only a day's march from Grace's Landing. His muskets fired down upon the camp while a number of pikemen assaulted the edge of camp. Sassacus and Uncas had been unable to appoint a unit as patrols due to village rivalries and their own personal disagreements. Standish's men were able to retreat with few losses, although some of the musketeers were unable to escape, chained as they were to a dead partner
"The Caribs who called themselves horrors fled in horror from the massed might of Our Zion's protectors."- An Account of the Caribben Troubles of Our Sion
The Pequoed army had a large number of deserters the next morning, and even fought each other over rivalries, accusations of treachery or even areas stolen in the temporary camp during the battle.
Uncas and Sassacus butted heads over what to do next. Sassacus wanted the forces to remain where they were and wait for the northern militia to break. While Standish remained stuck up north, they could frighten the chiefs in Grace's Landing with raids and other things, worrying little about retaliation from their scant militia forces there.
Uncas disagreed. He wanted to push north, to wipe out the whites there, and then threaten the chiefs of the river mouth into submission. Standish would not humiliate them again. He would not be given the chance. He wanted to give the uneasy warriors a victory. They would not be happy staying in one place.
Uncas and Sassacus argued for the remainder of the month, and Sassacus' plan was beginning if only from inaction. On April 1 or April 2 (accounts vary), Uncas seized Sassacus as his prisoner with the help of a Mohegan unit, one of the tribes ruled jointly by the Pequoed. He sent him on a week's march back to Sachem Wampowoet.
"The Chief shall have his war. Not on his terms may he shall have it."
"This fierce one, this Sassacus, will not stop me. He can not stop himself."
Uncas, quoted from Sassacus c. 1691, Virginian war narrative, banned in Grace Commonwealth
Notably, after being sent back, Sassacus blocked Mohawk traders from going westward to aid Uncas. While it is hard to say if it would have made a difference in Uncas' defeat, the Mohawks would have brought muskets, experience with Europeans and manpower with them.
Uncas marched north to his defeat. The irregulars of Grace, hunters, trappers and lumberjacks who had found some fortune in war, wreaked havoc on his march to Mission Duxbury. Boats were burned, tents were torn down, and men were taken prisoner in nightly raids. One irregular, a certain Raynulf Thickins, became the first Grace citizen recorded to sell a “contract laborer” named Johnathan the Carib, a boy of 9.
“Charge forward as an arrow head, not as a block of lumber.”-Myles Standish, quoted from An Account of the Caribben Troubles of Our Sion
Uncas’ army met Standish’s army on April 10 about a mile south of Mission Duxbury on the east shore of the river. The Pequoed army numbered about 1000 by Puritan accounts, although as the Pequoed did not record a muster, it cannot be verified. Standish’s army numbered 436 at last muster, although most estimates place it around 350.
Standish massed his muskets on the east and west flanks of his pike men. His pike men, though, were the greatest novelty. Inspired, the accounts say, by irregulars practicing with a bow, he decided to form his pike men in a wedge formation, resembling an arrow head. While such a formation would be impractical in the set-piece, cavalry heavy battles of Europe, it fit Standish’s needs perfectly. He was attacking an enemy not used to tight formations, and did not have to worry about cavalry charging on his flanks.
Uncas’ army managed to break one of the arrow-heads, but his warriors fled in terror of the muskets and of the inhuman cohesion of the pike men. Many also fled over tribal dissatisfactions or over their support of Sassacus. His army broke rank all throughout and fled. A large number simply surrendered. Uncas himself retreated and began his own week’s march, with his Mohegan bodyguard to aid him. He was returning to his Sachem, to face whatever punishment he deserved.
Myles lost 76 men on that day. Uncas is estimated to have lost at least 500. He left behind a number of refugees and settlers further south,; those men and women would be cleared out by the militia in the following months.
The Pequoed lost the Grace River Basin at the same time that their Fresh River holdings rebelled and were swallowed up by Canaan. Their Long Island holdings split from necessity, and Neue-Embden began to remove their own Indians from their island. The Pequoed were left with their own, lonely basin. The River was named the Pequod by the Puritans, although it would have other names.
A symbolic peace offering was given by Wampowoet in which he sent the silt of the Grace River to the Council and Governor.
Other developments in the Grace Colony
“Contract Labor” was introduced. A euphemistic term for something little more than slavery, militia officers and soldiers began taking prisoners during the Pequoed War and selling them to pay off Association debts or to gain capital to invest in the fast developing light industry of Grace. These “contract laborers” had a contract, often with absurd terms, after which they could seek whatever employment they wished. They combined slavery and indentured servitude. They were sold most often to the Caribbean slaver’s block, but some ended up in Europe and Virginia. This practice would become essential to the development of frontier territories.
Myles Standish opposed the practice at first, only to be over-ruled in any actions by the Governor and the Speaker. The trade brought quite a bit of money to Mission Duxbury, and Standish softened on the matter, although he did express distaste for those reliant on the trade.
John Carver won re-election as governor. He was not opposed in Grace's Landing, and although Plenty and Canaan had local hopefuls, he won overwhelmingly there. Neue-Embden was insignificant due to the myriad candidates, including even a Stranger.
Sheep were introduced to the township of Merry, quickly carved out of the Grace River basin.
1623 ended in peace for the people of Grace, although it is hard to describe it as anything other than an uneasy peace. The Wampanoags were mumbling, and Indians still fought by Neue-Embden. But the Fresh and Grace were clear for a time, of any Indian threat.