What are some ideas for Alternate Caliphates?

Let me elaborate; what I'm specificly looking for is a caliphate after the collapse of the Abbasids. For the purposes of this thread, I'll outline my requisites for a nation to be a "Caliphate".

1). The nation contains a majority of the Muslim world during it's existance

2). The Caliphate holds the holy cities of Medina and Mecca.

3). It recongnizes itself as a Caliphate; and the state religion ofcourse must be Islam.

For the sake of the topic, you can ignore West Africa and Indonesia as parts of the "Muslim World".

So with that aside, did any nation come close to becoming a true Caliphate? Should the Ottomans be considered a Caliphate? What nation or people could have established itself as a caliphate?

While I ask for something post-Abbasid Caliphate, ones before them will also be appreciated.
 
Everyone always does... :(
Sorry o_O. I just decided to disregard them since including them in a Caliphate would be difficult considering the Distances and Terrain between the more "established" islamic world and West Africa or Indonesia. But if you can find a way to include them reasonably then I ofcourse wouldn't be opposed to it.
 
Under the criteria of Khilafah in Fiqh, the Ottomans were Khilafah from 1515 onward until the mid 1700s when the were invalidated by attacking the Sultanate of Nejd (Saudi Arabia), thus abrogating their claim from there onward.

Reasons the Ottomans were Khilafah:

1. Following the fall of the Burji Mamluk, they were given support by the Ahlhul Hali Wal Aqd (people of influence) of both Egypt, Levant, Turkey and of Iraq.

2. Foundation of the faith. As in they took the jihad to the Rafidhi of the Safavids, pulling the title of Is'mail the great, revealing him to not being as he claimed, Allah. This was further a larger reason for their legitimacy than the conquest of Rum, as both cases ended Fitnah (mischief), one saved Muslim lives and dethroned an idol, thus it was more virtuous.

3. They possessed a powerful army. This means they have Shouqa or power within the lands of the Muslim. Displaying this is a requirement for Khilafah.

4. They made Takfir of what Allah made Takfir of, and therefore waged jihad upon Christendom and any opponent within reach. It further did not ally against the Muslim with Kuffar.


Reasons they became invalid:

1. They lost their Shouqa. They no longer could defend the Muslim world and were no longer deserving of a title.

2. They allied with the Kuffar in the war against al-Saudiyya. As in, they defended the Rafidhi and Ghulat in Iraq against the Sunni Muslim in Saudi Arabia, this is due to the decadence of their regime, they preferred income from them and loyalty as opposed to piety, by this stage. This also shows their lack of Shouqa in how they were unable to control their non Muslim populations, which led to the confrontations between Saudi and the Rafidhi in southern Iraq.


Other Khilafah:

Mamluks from the Bahri to the Burji. The Burji lost Khilafah during the Mamluk-Portuguese wars, where they were then quickly replaced by the Ottomans. They also failed to head the call of the Abbasid Caliph to stop the Safavids before they became too powerful.

The Mamluk state gained Khilafah during the battles against the Mongols with Qutuz and Baibars. They also destroyed the crusaders and gave reduce to the refugees of Iraq.

The Saljuk state for a short time could be termed Khilafah. For multiple reasons:

1. It defended the Abbasid.

2. It waged jihad upon the enemies of Islam in the Byzantine empire and the Fatimid Khilafah.

3. Defended the Muslim world against the crusaders.

Fatimid would in some Shi'i definitions but most Shi'i do not recognize Khilafah.

States that are not Khilafah:

Almohads: Mamluk states were Khilafah then and they lacked Shouqa or support from the Ahlhul Hali Wal Aqd, they in some ways were neo-Khawarij at first and then decadent beyond belief. Ibn Tunart's excessive Takfir was not allowed in Fiqh.

Almoravids: same as above^

Sultanate of Qurtubah: exiled, new Khilafah is Abbasid.

Ayyuib: lacked Shouqa, and Abbasid was Khilafah.

Mughals: Ottomans were Khilafah.

Timurids: attacked the lands of Islam for reasons other than jihad, thus he was a Taghoot (one who transgresses, or a tyrant) according to Fiqh.

Any Mongol state: obvious

Etc....
 
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