What are some examples of exile states throughout history?

Looking for inspiration for a timeline, I would like to know about some examples of exile states throughout history. I want if there are examples comparable to the Republic of China, which is reduced to the island of Taiwan today.
 
I think you could argue this for a number of Migration Era European nations, who often migrated into Europe and conquered regions in the process of fleeing from other nations, often the Huns.
 
Looking for inspiration for a timeline, I would like to know about some examples of exile states throughout history. I want if there are examples comparable to the Republic of China, which is reduced to the island of Taiwan today.
Well the Ming in Taiwan as well, Northern Yuan maybe?
 
Remnants of the Timurid Empire relocated itself to India and made big.

The Kingdom of Cyprus also became an exile state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 
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