What African colonies could have been kept in European hands?

While there are some fairly obvious choices like Spanish Sahara and Italian Libya, I'm more curious as to which of the colonies in Africa [both Mainland and insular] could have been kept as territories of their respective empires? How much could Portugal, France, Britain, or Spain have avoided giving independence?
 
Have Italy remain neutral in World War 2 and focus on integrating Italian East Africa into the Italian metropolitan like Italian Libya was - I can't see the Italians holding onto Ethiopia for too long but it could definitely retain Eritrea if enough Italians are settled into the Eritrean province and the Italianization process is successful enough.
 
Throwing a few ideas in as well [unfair not to]; didn't Gabon's president actually request integration with France as its own department? France tried to force it with Algeria, but if Gabon wanted it, that could be a big one.
 
Cape Verde? Sao Tome? As islands they face no direct threat from nearby countries and they are religiously and linguistically akin to Portugal.

Plus, their population is low enough not to upset the balance of the European motherland.

EDIT: Western Sahara is also probably doable, but not worth it.
 
Could we potentially have Angola remain Portuguese? If I remember correctly, the Portuguese had already been quite successful in driving out rebel groups so could we see Angola remain attached to Lisbon as an Overseas Province?
 
Could we potentially have Angola remain Portuguese? If I remember correctly, the Portuguese had already been quite successful in driving out rebel groups so could we see Angola remain attached to Lisbon as an Overseas Province?

Maybe, but they would need 1) major economic and military support from other nations, and 2) to let everything else go. Even then it's iffy
 
Have Italy remain neutral in World War 2 and focus on integrating Italian East Africa into the Italian metropolitan like Italian Libya was - I can't see the Italians holding onto Ethiopia for too long but it could definitely retain Eritrea if enough Italians are settled into the Eritrean province and the Italianization process is successful enough.
Could they retain Somilia too? Didn't it have a low population at the time and if immigration to the colony picks up could it become majority Italian?
 
Could they retain Somilia too? Didn't it have a low population at the time and if immigration to the colony picks up could it become majority Italian?
I think that might be an option as well, depending on how many Italian settlers go there - if I remember correctly, OTL's Italian settlers made up 2% of the entire population of the Italian Somaliland colony and were mainly situated on the coast so its a possibility.
 
Would still be a protectorate so Italy would need to remove the Tunisian monarchy
If they can become the majority in the area that doesn't become a issue does it? Could Italians become 30 or even over 50 percent of the population there? Would this make it easier to make it part of mainland Italy?
 
I could see island nations like Mauritius, Seychelles, Cape Verde, and Sao Tome remain as European territories. Small nations in mainland Africa like Gambia, Djibouti, and Equatorial Guinea might work as well, but i'm not too certain.
 
If they can become the majority in the area that doesn't become a issue does it? Could Italians become 30 or even over 50 percent of the population there? Would this make it easier to make it part of mainland Italy?
Yes but my point was legally speaking Tunisia was nominally independent with France controlling it's foreign affairs so if it was Italian. They would need to remove the Tunisian monarchy from power and annex it directly.
 
Biafra. The ethnic group inhabits virtually all the oil rich territory in Nigeria and would need a protector from the rest of Nigeria who would wish to annex them. South Sudan would be likely as well for the above reason.
 
Not Europe, but...Liberia?
If the south was temporarily politically irrelevant, and Liberia felt threatened, might they request anexation to the USA, perhaps more as a protectorate than an integral part. (That last because having a majority black nation where the blacks are in charge would be anathema to many...)
 
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