The Federated States of Malaya
The Federated States of Malaya was established in 1898 from five British protectorate states on the Malay Peninsula: Selangor, Negeri Semblian, Johor, Pahang, and Perak. It was subsequently expanded after the World War as the Empire of Japan turned its attention to providing support to independence movements in South-East Asia as a means of expanding its colonial empire at the expense of the British and Dutch Empires. This added the four states of Terengganu, Kelantan, Patani, and Perlis and Kedah, with the British Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca, and Penang remaining separate due to their Chinese-majority populations. This expansion from 5 states to 9 necessitated changing the flag from 5 to 9 horizontal stripes, utilising the same five colours of the previous flag, which had originated from the flags of the original states.
The form of government of Malaya is a type of constitutional monarchy, where the position of Supreme Sultan of the Federation is elected from amongst the nine sultans of the constituent states of Malaya. This system of government was first pioneered in British India in Rajputana and Central India to create larger subdivisions based on the model used in Thuringia in Germany. This form of government was further refined for the post-British African states, most notably Nigeria, as a form of stabilisation against revolutionary fervour, through not always successfully.