Until Every Drop of Blood Is Paid: A More Radical American Civil War

"Never known of toil" Oh fuck off Jean-Charles you have no idea.
He’s saying that the planters have never known of toil, not the slaves.
Though, with my modern sensibilities I am surprised that just handing out land to people who were slaves until two months ago is working so well. Nowadays you always hear about how farming is a highly specialized way of making a living and that if you took your average menial laborer and told them to farm they'd just starve. Yet these folks are not just surviving but thriving- was farming really THAT much easier in the 19th century? Or did knowledge on how to properly grow grain and stuff just soak through the population a lot more?
The slaves WERE farmers—well, most of them. Not only were they the ones growing the cotton, but often they would also have their own gardens where they would grow much of the food they ate. This is land reform, not back-to-the-landism; redistributing the means of production to those who use it, not randos off the street.
 
Desafortunadamente, dudo mucho que eso ocurra. Independientemente de lo que ocurra o no en México, el gobierno estadounidense no va a permitir que la Doctrina Monroe sea vulnerada por el Imperio Francés. Si acaso, el apoyo al gobierno republicano es menor debido a las condiciones mucho más brutales en los Estados Unidos, lo que podría retrasar la caída de Maximiliano y el Segundo Imperio Mexicano.

English translation:
Unfortunately, I doubt very much that will happen. Regardless of what does or does not happen in Mexico, the U.S. government is not going to allow the Monroe Doctrine to be violated by the French Empire. If anything, support for the Mexican republican government is less because of the much more brutal conditions in the United States, which could delay the fall of Maximilian and the Second Mexican Empire.
But that delay could buy Maximillian time to solidify his regime. The US is unlikely to do more than give Juarez guns and money, after all. And given that Max was liberal, and seems to have genuinely come to care about Mexico, he could turn on his French patrons if he can bring enough liberals into the fold there in Mexico.
 
Now THAT is class consciousness! I hope the spirit of this will spread throughout the labor unions of America in the future!
The irony of a class of people who formed an entire country to fight for their 'rights' (to own people) and 'liberty' (from a government that might want them to stop owning people,) being baffled that other people might be willing to suffer for the pursuit of dignity.

"Never known of toil" Oh fuck off Jean-Charles you have no idea.
Read that passage again, as workable goblin noted. :p
Though, with my modern sensibilities I am surprised that just handing out land to people who were slaves until two months ago is working so well. Nowadays you always hear about how farming is a highly specialized way of making a living and that if you took your average menial laborer and told them to farm they'd just starve. Yet these folks are not just surviving but thriving- was farming really THAT much easier in the 19th century? Or did knowledge on how to properly grow grain and stuff just soak through the population a lot more?
Again echoing Workable Goblin here. I know at least the practice on Saint-Domingue (The Spanish and then French Colony that would become Haiti) was to give slaves their own small plots. It was held to be cheaper than buying in food for the slaves. It also gave the Slaves the ability to accumulate a little cash via the selling of any surplus they might be able to produce. This allowed self-emancipation, buying oneself from your master, to exist as at least theoritically viable prospect. (And of course, do you think you'd be allowed to do that if you were unruly or impertinent? No no no. If you're good and obedient and just work hard enough then maybe, maybe, you'll have a chance.)

Of course, Saint-Domingue was a special case, particularly in regards to the particulars of racialisation etc.

Which is a long-winded way of saving that there's good reason to believe that the Freedmen already, as a class, possessed the skills and knowledge that successful farming required. Even ignoring all that cotton they were made to grow.

I would also contend that it would probably be easier to 'improvise' being a surviving farmer in the 1860s than the present day. Farming in the 1860s didn't require, say, the capital investments and technical expertise associated with operating combine harvesters.
 
In my own story, the Philippines become fully part of Spain, similar to how Guiana is part of France. It's also got its own regional governments so they can deal with the issues that would take too long to arrange from Madrid, unless it is something that pertains Spain as a whole.
Integration, eh... Just like what the Propaganda Movement initially wanted.
Maybe this guy gets a longer stint at the wheel as governor-general? He seems to have been well-liked by the reformers during his time in the archipelago.​
That said, it's one path to take, I guess... Many of the country's heroes are still very young at this point (and could end up with very different experiences). Rizal was born just a month before First Bull Run IOTL, and we're still under a decade 'til the execution of Gomburza (three priests who were accused as leaders of the uprising below)​
 
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Interesting- were there any cases TTL Where the freedmen opposed the division into 40 acre titles because they would prefer to run the plantation as a large collective? Or do they almost always prefer their own plots.
It wouldn't be too hard for them to get together after accepting the divisions. All they would have to do is come up with some sort of a land trust model where everyone pools the combined assets and Promises to distribute to those who are struggling more. So let's say one of the freedmen has a sick wife and must tend to her and doesn't have as much time to plant, others would pitch in and provide help. They might also start the idea that, why should one person have to raise up his or her own Barn when the community can all get together and have a barn raising or something like that. They might then become like the Amish who also do that. Just everyone helping everyone else.

Which is something that I'm sure the government will tell people that it's okay to do if you just don't make a huge stink about it. It is their own community, and while the government is becoming more centralized, that is one way that they will show that they accept different communities functioning in different ways, as long as it isn't too crazy.

In a way, instead of it being like a lot of states together to form one union, it is becoming like a state that is rather large and so has different counties in it that still have some measure of how they function being different even if they are not as independent as the states in the union. My own state for instance has a couple of serious metropolises but also counties that have very sparse population because they are almost all farmland. The folks and the capital city don't expect a very rural County and a very Urban County to function exactly the same.

Edit to add: in some rural areas even into the mid-1900s land boundaries weren't that well marked anyway. There is a story I heard of one person whose mother had land that they realized had one boundary as the top of a mountain, it was in West virginia. An actual client had land in Kentucky where the deed said part of the boundary was from, say, Mr Johnson's place to a stone in the woods to the county line. Well, obviously after a few decades the woods moved. :) he had to pay a surveyor to find the stone and eventually got it measured much more reasonably.

So I'm sure that they are not being that exact every single time. :)
 
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The National Guard is a wholly Federal gendarmerie, which will likely work as military reserves in peace time but will be called to deal with terrorism.
Now, this is a fairly significant change from OTL. To this day, unless the US President calls for their service, the National Guard of a state is the state's militia, governed by the laws of the state. It would certainly be an acceleration, given that the National Guard was only federalized in 1916 and required further amendments in 1933. Given their roots as a gendarmerie, I assume that the vast majority of National Guardsmen would be Southern blacks and white Unionists.
Most Confederate leaders are probably looking at exile, or imprisonment, rather than just executions.
Their power to admit states into the Union is one of their last bargaining chips after Lincoln killed the Southern Territories Bill, and although Lincoln has agreed to increasingly radical measures, note that none of them actually give Congress any power over Reconstruction or take powers away from Lincoln.
To this end, I suspect that Lincoln would much prefer it if the Confederate leaders just slipped away into self-imposed exile. Trial of Confederate generals and politicians will always run into the treason issue. There was the fear that Confederate sympathizers would get in the jury and refuse to convict their former leaders, providing a backdoor vindication of the right of secession. At the same time, some Radicals thought that vindicating secession would be helpful for Reconstruction - by acknowledging that the South had seceded, the occupied South could then be reconsidered as a conquered nation and the US would be free to implant laws as they saw fit. IIRC Breckinridge actually made it to Cuba by travelling from Georgia to Florida and then finally Cuba.

P.S.: I should note I ought to add to a list of officers that were sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction:
  • Nelson A. Miles: Miles was one of the young stars of the Army of the Potomac IOTL, reaching division command by war's end and well-considered by his superiors. Assigned to North Carolina during Reconstruction, Miles turned out to be aligned with the Radical Republicans. Miles frequently ran afoul with Meade because they did not see eye to eye on the commitment of troops to protect voting and freedmen. Ultimately, Miles was transferred away from North Carolina, rather relieved after the constant infighting and slights against his wife by local whites (his wife was Sherman's niece). Miles is somewhat like the McArthur of the era - a very ambitious soldier who wished to become president and angled for higher command a lot and even the Presidency. Even so, his efforts at Reconstruction in North Carolina seem genuine.
  • Joseph J. Reynolds: unrelated to John F. Reynolds of Gettysburg fame. J.J. Reynolds did much to support Reconstruction in Texas, taking over after Griffin's death. Similar to Griffin, Reynolds replaced Democratic officeholders with Republicans, later running afoul with Hancock. That said, Reynolds was not a brave officer, causing a large friendly fire incident at Chickamauga and later breaking down during the rebel breakthrough. IIRC Thomas chose to take him out of combat roles to be his chief of staff after Chickamauga. J.J. Reynolds later resigned from the army after having another embarrassing failure at combat roles against Native Americans.
  • Charles Griffin: ITTL Brig. Gen. Griffin would probably be a division commander in the Army of the Potomac. Though irascible and foul-mouthed*, Griffin was a capable soldier who was promoted to corps command in 1865. During Reconstruction, Griffin actively and energetically sought to register white and black voters in Texas and get rid of any state and county officeholders who were "impediments to reconstruction" with Republicans and Unionists. Interestingly, Griffin was not a Republican but felt compelled to act against Democratic or pro-Confederate officeholders out of duty. However, Griffin died from Yellow Fever in 1867.
  • Joseph A. Mower: During the ACW, Mower was Sherman's protege and perhaps one of the most tactically brilliant commanders on Union side. By the war's end, Mower was promoted to corps commander. During Reconstruction, Mower's command was reduced to the 39th U.S. Infantry, which was a regiment of African-Americans Mower helped to recruit in Louisiana. Like Sheridan, Mower took an active approach to Reconstruction. During the vote for the constitutional convention in Louisiana in late September 1867, Mower sent troop detachments to several Louisiana parishes to preserve order at the polls and prevent voter intimidation. Furthermore, Mower, like Griffin, removed any officeholders who threatened to impede Reconstruction. Unfortunately, Mower was moved aside by Hancock, when the conservative general was sent to replace Sheridan.
  • E.R.S. Canby: During the ACW, Canby was something of a background character. He mostly served in clerical roles in Washington D.C. and New York until he was called up to replace Banks in the Army of the Gulf. Canby is oft regarded to be a fair administrator of Reconstruction, seeking to protect the freedman's rights while stepping on as few as toes as possible. Even though some ex-Confederates denounced him as a radical Republican, they grudgingly admitted that he was fair.
 
But that delay could buy Maximillian time to solidify his regime. The US is unlikely to do more than give Juarez guns and money, after all. And given that Max was liberal, and seems to have genuinely come to care about Mexico, he could turn on his French patrons if he can bring enough liberals into the fold there in Mexico.
Have in mind that the main reason the monarchist government lose legitimacy was because both Liberals and Conservatives didn't liked Maximilian; the former ones because Mexican Liberalism was influenced by the American and French revolutions, which included Republicanism; the latter ones because Maximilian was a liberal.

With or without the French to help him, if you don't have legitimacy, you have nothing. Maybe, just maybe, Maximilian can try to influence the Nahuas and other indigenous peoples to support him* in exchange for maintaining their cultural norms, traditions, and the restoration of the communal lands (abolished thanks to the Leyes de Reforma), but that will hurt the capitalist development of Mexico.

*In fact, he tried to do that OTL.
 
I mean, if the French stick around longer because they're less worried about the US, or if Juarez just has a little less support, it's conceivable that Max can survive long enough that he can cobble together a coalition. It's unlikely, but possible. Neither the Liberals or the Conservatives were monoliths after all, and Porfirio Diaz managed to unite the two sides twenty years later with the Porfiriato. If Max can pull enough of the right-wing of the liberals and the left-wing of the conservatives, muster some support from the people, including indigeneous populations...

I don't know. But it's about as likely as some of the absurd luck the south had both OTL and TTL.
 
I mean, if the French stick around longer because they're less worried about the US, or if Juarez just has a little less support, it's conceivable that Max can survive long enough that he can cobble together a coalition. It's unlikely, but possible. Neither the Liberals or the Conservatives were monoliths after all, and Porfirio Diaz managed to unite the two sides twenty years later with the Porfiriato. If Max can pull enough of the right-wing of the liberals and the left-wing of the conservatives, muster some support from the people, including indigeneous populations...

I don't know. But it's about as likely as some of the absurd luck the south had both OTL and TTL.
Ngl to you, I'm not particularly a fan of monarchies, but the possibility of the Second Empire winning is not necessarily bad. Still, I have to make the clarification that, yes, Díaz managed to basically enforce order and progress in the country, but at what cost? If, hypothetically, Maximilian manages to slowly win, he will be forced to commit some punishments and atrocities to enforce law and order in the country. The question of the indigenous peoples depends on if their lands and way of life are preserved or not, but I remember that several decrees were published in Nahuatl, not as a recognition of the language as co-official with Spanish but as a means of political strategy.

An academic paper related to what I'm talking says that:

The first of them, Francisco Pimentel, was one of the Mexican intellectuals of the second half of the 19th century who most highlighted the differences between indigenous and criollos as a problem for the unity of the Mexican nation. In particular, he mentioned the plurality of languages among the indigenous peoples as a factor of fragility for the country. He expressed this to Emperor Maximilian in his book Memoria sobre las causas que han originado la situación actual de la raza indígena en México y medios para remediarla (Report on the causes that have originated the present situation of the indigenous race in Mexico and the means to remedy it.) published in 1864 in which he states: "Otra prueba de la tenacidad de los indígenas es su apego a su lengua, no por necesidad, y entre ellos ya no hablan español, sino por necesidad, la lengua indígena, que es la de México, que tiene más de cien lenguas" (Another proof of the tenacity of the indigenous people is their attachment to their language, not out of necessity, and among them they no longer speak Spanish, but out of necessity, the indigenous language, which is the language of Mexico, which has more than one hundred languages".) (Pimentel, 1864, p.208). Therefore, Pimentel was in favor of the eradication of indigenous languages. His position was to form a homogeneous society.

Depending on how you see it, the Second Empire could have either benefited or damaged the indigenous cultures of Mexico. The full document is here btw (it's in Spanish).
 
Ngl to you, I'm not particularly a fan of monarchies, but the possibility of the Second Empire winning is not necessarily bad. Still, I have to make the clarification that, yes, Díaz managed to basically enforce order and progress in the country, but at what cost?
I didn't know we were having a discussion about what was best for Mexico though? Diaz was a pretty terrible guy. And an imposed monarchy, even if it ends up manging to lose the need of their foreign backers, isn't good for Mexico either, really. My point wasn't that he was good, but that he was able to force both conservatives and liberals into alignment with one another once in power. He was able to pull a coalition of both sides. Max could very well try that.
 
I didn't know we were having a discussion about what was best for Mexico though? Diaz was a pretty terrible guy. And an imposed monarchy, even if it ends up manging to lose the need of their foreign backers, isn't good for Mexico either, really. My point wasn't that he was good, but that he was able to force both conservatives and liberals into alignment with one another once in power. He was able to pull a coalition of both sides. Max could very well try that.
The problem with puppet states is that they would eventually go down the drain once the puppeteers leave, almost every single time.

Have in mind that the main reason the monarchist government lose legitimacy was because both Liberals and Conservatives didn't liked Maximilian; the former ones because Mexican Liberalism was influenced by the American and French revolutions, which included Republicanism; the latter ones because Maximilian was a liberal.
This. Maximilian was too conservative for liberals and was too liberal for conservatives. Plus, Mexican Conservatives did not really have majority support - hence they had to ask the French for military intervention, while most Liberals still supported Juarez.
 
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The problem with puppet states is that they would eventually go down the drain once the puppeteers leave, almost every single time.
That's why this whole idea relies on the prospect, slim though it may be, that Maximillian could conceivably cobble something together domestically because he's able to survive a bit longer because the US is in less of a position to help Benito Juarez quite as much.
 
That's why this whole idea relies on the prospect, slim though it may be, that Maximillian could conceivably cobble something together domestically because he's able to survive a bit longer because the US is in less of a position to help Benito Juarez quite as much.
He could not, because fundamentally he was just a foreign puppet.
 
He couldn't be the first foreign puppet in history to both go native and go rogue.
Pulling a Lodewijk I, eh?

At least his patron's far enough to not just immediately take over should he dislike his puppet for going too native unlike the above, though the lack of a patron leaves him vulnerable likewise - and with urgent need to establish his own power base... as has already been previously discussed at length.​
 
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He couldn't be the first foreign puppet in history to both go native and go rogue.
He couldn't, because he was entirely dependent on the French and time was running out. He also kinda lacked the needed political skills. Note that he was essentially duped by Mexican conservatives and Napoleon III into accepting this deal (who gave false evidence that Maximilian had overwhelming popular support).

Pulling a Lodewijk I, eh?

At least his patron's far enough to not just immediately take over should he dislike his puppet for going too native unlike the above, though the lack of a patron leaves him vulnerable likewise - and with urgent need to establish his own power base... as has already been previously discussed at length.
The problem is that, unlike Lodewijk I, Max had a native enemy who was the legitimate Mexican Head of State with obviously more than sufficient popular support. Worse, the patron of his enemy is right next door. After the ACW, we would see not only American arms/funding but also American volunteers (both were OTL) moving into Mexico to strengthen the Mexican Liberals. In the end, American support would be far more decisive than any forms of French assistance.
 
The problem is that, unlike Lodewijk I, Max had a native enemy who was the legitimate Mexican Head of State with obviously more than sufficient popular support. Worse, the patron of his enemy is right next door. After the ACW, we would see not only American arms/funding but also American volunteers (both were OTL) moving into Mexico to strengthen the Mexican Liberals. In the end, American support would be far more decisive than any forms of French assistance.
You clearly weren't paying attention to the earlier conversation, where the prospect of the US being unable to provide the same level of support to Juarez as OTL is the foundation of the entire discussion.
 
Honestly, ANY amount of support for Juarez should be enough to push him over the top to victory. Max never had any real body of serious support and was basically kept alive solely by Nappy 3's military boondoggle.

With the US even angrier than otl and with a massive military, I just don't think there's any way for Max to survive.
 
Honestly, ANY amount of support for Juarez should be enough to push him over the top to victory. Max never had any real body of serious support and was basically kept alive solely by Nappy 3's military boondoggle.

With the US even angrier than otl and with a massive military, I just don't think there's any way for Max to survive.
I hope he doesn't get killed just sent packing but you know how things go.
 
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