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The World in a New Century, Section XI: The Near East[1]
Published by the McNally Corporation in Chicago, 1901.
Turkey in Asia:
The Turkish Empire in Asia is even more backward than the parts on the European continent. While Serbia and Rumania have at least some autonomy in their local affairs, the rest of Turkey is controlled directly by the Sultan and his viziers, or advisers. While Constantinople is very important strategically, the region of Anatolia across the sea is largely agricultural and has not progressed much. Only a few cities on the Aegean coast have grown large, including the port city of Smyrna. The interior of Anatolia remains primarily nomadic with livestock production as the main force in its economy.
Southeast of Anatolia, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers create the floodplains of Mesopotamia, the other major region of the Ottoman territories on the Asian continent. Mesopotamia had a very important role in the early history of civilization as the site of ancient Babylon, but it has recently waned in importance as the great empires of the region have crumbled and fallen behind European civilization. The area around the two rivers is largely agricultural like the rest of the Turkish Empire. Steamboats do run up the rivers from the Persian Gulf as far as the city of Bagdad. Also, with talks of construction of a railroad to connect Bagdad to Constantinople, the region could develop quickly within the next decades.
The Holy Land:
One of the most important regions of the Near East is the Holy Land or Levant. The region is called the Holy Land because it is the site of some of the most important places in the Christian, Jewish, and Mohammedan faiths. These include the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, as well as the River Jordan and the Sea of Galilee. The Holy Land is currently divided between Turkey and Egypt. The Turks own the northern half, centered around Damascus and Beirut. The Egyptians own the southern half extending north from the Sinai Peninsula, and include Jerusalem and Gaza. The region has grown more slowly in the past century compared to previous centuries because of the political division and instability[2], but despite this thousands of people flock to the Holy Land every year on a pilgrimage to the many sites.
Arabia:
The Arabian Peninsula is the last civilized part of the Near East, partially owing to its geography. The peninsula is largely made up of a vast desert, so the only areas productive enough for sizable cities are on the coasts or in the high mountains in the south of the peninsula. Because of this, the majority of the peninsula is still populated by nomadic tribes and are not worth examination. The most well off part of the peninsula is in the western highlands and on the coast of the Red Sea. This section of Arabia is owned by Egypt. This region contains the cities of Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities of the Mohammedan faith.
The remainder of the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula have been colonized by various European powers. These coasts are important in controlling the route between Europe and the Indies. France has colonized a territory on the southwest coast of the peninsula around the port of Mocha, giving the French control over both sides of the Bab el-Mendeb. The British have expanded from their base in the city of Aden along the southern coast of the peninsula. The German Empire controls Oman on the eastern end of the peninsula, as well as the southern cost of the Strait of Ormuz. Oman was one of Germany's first colonial enterprises and has been part of the German Empire for a few decades now. Further up the coast of the Persian Gulf, the British have recently created protectorates out of the emirates there, and has establish direct administration over the island of Bahrain.
[1] Interesting fact: the term 'Near East' and 'Middle East' didn't really have a definite geographical meaning until the Crimean War. I tried to come up with an alternate name for the region, but couldn't think of any I liked.
[2] OTL population of Palestine in 1900 was 600-700k, in TTL it's probably closer to 500k.