Une Histoire Des Huguenots d'Amerique

[Mirza Khan]

*Note-I know I've developed a habit of starting TL's and not finishing them. So be rest assured that I have an eight-page word file with this TL written out up to about 1870, and notes about how the 20th century will look. Comments and suggestions are, of course, welcome.*

1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian navigator in the service of the French crown, discovers a large harbor (OTL New York Harbor) while exploring the east coast of North America. He names it Nouvelle-Angouleme, in honor of King Francis I, whose ancestors had been Counts of Angouleme. In the following decades, independent French traders will begin visiting the northeastern coast, mostly looking for beaver and other fur-bearing animals

1561: Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, one of the most influential Huguenot leaders in France, has a dream-a French Huguenot colony, where his co-religionists can escape the persecution they now face in France. An attempt to start such a colony in Brazil failed, so Coligny decided to try again. He considers Florida, but [POD] decides its too close to the Spanish, and that a colony positioned on the Saint Lawrence (Fleuve Saint-Laurent) might be able to make money off the growing beaver trade. [IOTL, Florida became the focus of Coligny's colonization efforts, and they wound up falling victim to the Spanish]

1562: An expedition, financed by Coligny and led by Jean Ribault, navigates the Saint-Laurent as far as their ocean-going ships can go, and lands at a spot the natives call "kebek". The colonists build a small enclosure, named "Charlesfort" after the French King Charles IX. However, Ribault is unable to arrange supplies, and the unexpectedly harsh winter takes a toll on the colony, as do problems with the local Indians. The next year, the survivors trade what little beaver pelts they've captured to a French ship for a ride back.

1564: Coligny finances another expedition of 200 Huguenot settlers, which land in the Nouvelle Angouleme harbor in April. The settlers first order of business is to build a small wooden three-sided stockade, Fort Angouleme, on the southern tip of the Ile de Manata [Manhattan]. As per Coligny's instructions, the colonists don't disturb the local Lenape Indians, and in exchange for various trade items brought by the colonists (which the Lenape value far more than the French do), the Lenape are happy to give the colonists beaver pelts and food, and show them which crops to plant and how to farm. Coligny is able to arrange regular supplies, and though the first winter is rather hard for everyone, all the settlers make it through.

Etching of Fort Angouleme.

Throughout the rest of the 1560's, word spreads of the new colony, and despite the hardship involved, plenty of Huguenots are willing to sign on to escape the often precarious situations they experience in France. By 1572, the colony has a population of not quite 600, most living in small farms clustered around Fort Angouleme. The emerging settlement has come to be known as Nouvelle Angouleme, after the fort and harbor.

 

[Malta]

Oh yay your doing it.

 

[Cuāuhtemōc]

I am interested. Subbed.

 

[Mirza Khan]

1569: In the first attempt at expansion outside Nouvelle-Angouleme harbor, some Huguenot fur traders, encouraged by Coligny, occupy a chateau on the Verrazzano river [Hudson river] built (and abandoned) by earlier French traders. Two years later, the chateau is heavily damaged by a river flood, and the traders relocate to higher ground on the opposite bank, constructing Fort Coligny [in OTL Albany]. The fort will eventually become the nucleus of a town of the same name, though for now its only inhabited temporarily.

1572: Admiral Gaspard de Coligny is killed in the Saint Bartholemew's Day massacre, and the French crown takes over Nouvelle Angouleme. The wider area around it is named Nouvelle-Angoumois (after the province of Angoumois, France, that Angouleme was the capital of). The crown decides to allow continued Huguenot settlement (Catherine de Medici supposedly remarked that she had "no problem with them settling across the ocean from here"). In the decade following the Saint Bartholemew's Day massacre, about 5,000 Huguenots will immigrate to Nouvelle-Angoumois.

1574: The town of Orleans is founded on Ile Longue, across the Este Riviere from Ile de Manata.

1581: A trading post, which will eventually grow into a city of Montauban [Hartford], is founded on the Connecticut River

1586: Merchants from La Rochelle finance another Huguenot settlement, that becomes known as Nouvelle-Rochelle (Boston).

1597: Naraganse [Providence, Rhode Island*] is founded

*The "e" is pronounced, but unfortunately I can't type an accent mark. The name comes from Naragasett Bay, Rhode Island.

Nouvelle-Angoumois (NY) and Nouvelle-Saintonge (MA) produce fairly little profits, mostly from fur-trading. The French government takes a corresponding lack of interest in them, except for encouraging Huguenots there. Nouvelle-Saintonge is run by its financial backers, and Nouvelle-Angoumois is in theory a royal colony with a royal governor, but in practice, the "governor" is elected by the residents with and "confirmed" by the king. It pays taxes (mostly on the fur trade).

 

[Mirza Khan]

1607: Jamestown, the first English colony in America, is founded.

1609: Foundation of Quebec as a trading post on the Saint Laurent. Unlike the two previous French colonies, it is done by royal charter, with backing from the crown. Huguenots are strongly discouraged from migrating there, and most prefer to go to their own colonies anyway.

1611: Dutch explorer Adrian Block navigates the Nassau river (Delaware river) and claims it and its surrounding territory for the Netherlands as Nieuw-Nassau.

1616: A second Dutch expedition comes to the Nassau river, this time constructing Fort Orange (Wilmington, DE). Over the next decade, the Dutch gradually expand up the Nassau river, founding Fort Maurice (Philadelphia) and Nieuw Kasteel (Trenton, NJ). The colony makes a small profit off the fur trade, but that barely pays for it. Looking for a way to increase profits, the Dutch governors begin introducing tobacco farming in the late 1620's, but this requires a large amount of labor which Nieuw Nassau doesn't have. The Dutch try to solve this by importing settlers from all accross Europe, as well as African slaves, and soon the colony is a polyglot mix of Dutch, English, Germans, Walloons, and Huguenots.

Dutch houses in Orange, ~1630

1626: The French have, up to this point, been content to let their colonies effectively run themselves. But now, the French crown needed money, there were over 50,000 Huguenots in the New World, and the Dutch were threateningly close. Thus, the French sieze Nouvelle-Saintogne from its merchant owners and combine it with Nouvelle-Angouleme to form a new colony, Nouvelle-France. To govern Nouvelle-France, the French crown sends Jean de Rohan, a lower-ranking nobleman from the French bureaucracy, with orders to regularize the areas administration and squeeze out as much money as is practicable.

Naturally, he very quickly becomes the least popular man in all of French America, and the new garrison and entourage he brings with him-composed mostly of Catholics-cause tensions with the populace. To escape the most unwelcome arrival of the French crown in their previous place of safety, many residents of Nouvelle-France cross into Nieuw-Nassau, which is quite glad to have the extra population. By around 1640, this new influx of settlers, combined with the Huguenots and Walloons arrived directly from the Netherlands, produces a Francophone majority.

EDIT: If you want to get a sense of what Nouvelle-Angouleme would look like, here's an OTL map of New Amsterdam around 1660. I was going to put it in the TL as a map of Nouvelle-Angouleme, but it says "New Amsterdam" at the top and I thought that would spoil the effect.

 

[Vitruvius]

Very interesting so far. I've always liked the idea of a successful Huguenot colony in the Americas. What is the status of French Quebec? Is it made part of Nouvelle France as well? Or is it exempt from the financial pressures Governor Rohan because its a Catholic and Royal colony?

And thank you for making a distinction between the province and the city of Nouvelle Angouleme. As a someone who grew up in Western NY(state) its incredibly annoying to try to describe the place to anyone. I literally have to say Western NY State - upstate - near Toronto/Niagara Falls/Lake Ontario. Because to most people outside the state NY automatically = NYC unless one prefaces it with upstate, a term I loath to use.

One minor point, the wine industry is not likely to take off fast or in the way you've described. European vinestock, Vitis Vinifera, won't grow in North America. Early colonists in Virginia tried and failed. Its too vulnerable to native root parasites like Phylloxera. So native Vitis Labrusca (Catawba, Concord etc) was used but even the English thought it tasted terrible (imagine making wine from the grapes we use for jellies and jams). So the French will likely never drink it. It was years before successful hybrids were developed to make drinkable wines and only in the mid-20th century were we successful in grafting Vitis Vinifera vines onto Labrusca rootstock, giving rise to the modern viticultural industry.

 

[Mirza Khan]

Very interesting so far. I've always liked the idea of a successful Huguenot colony in the Americas. What is the status of French Quebec? Is it made part of Nouvelle France as well? Or is it exempt from the financial pressures Governor Rohan because its a Catholic and Royal colony?

I didn't figure Quebec would be part of New France-for one thing, its seperated from it by hundreds of miles of unsettled territory, so governing Quebec from Nouvelle-Angouleme wouldn't make all that much sense. I'm wondering, actually, what the French would call the Saint Lawrence area? Canada? Nouvelle-something?

Also, I might add (probably should have made this clearer) that a small amount of Huguenots had emmigrated to the Dutch colony (New Nassau) before governor Rohan's arrival, and governor Rohan (being told to organize defenses in the colony in the event of a possible war with the Dutch) tried to ban such emmigration and generally discourage contact (including trade) between the two colonies, but this was inneffective and difficult to enforce outside the immediate area of Nouvelle-Angouleme, and attempts to do so were rather...annoying to the Huguenots.

And thank you for making a distinction between the province and the city of Nouvelle Angouleme. As a someone who grew up in Western NY(state) its incredibly annoying to try to describe the place to anyone. I literally have to say Western NY State - upstate - near Toronto/Niagara Falls/Lake Ontario. Because to most people outside the state NY automatically = NYC unless one prefaces it with upstate, a term I loath to use.

One minor point, the wine industry is not likely to take off fast or in the way you've described. European vinestock, Vitis Vinifera, won't grow in North America. Early colonists in Virginia tried and failed. Its too vulnerable to native root parasites like Phylloxera. So native Vitis Labrusca (Catawba, Concord etc) was used but even the English thought it tasted terrible (imagine making wine from the grapes we use for jellies and jams). So the French will likely never drink it. It was years before successful hybrids were developed to make drinkable wines and only in the mid-20th century were we successful in grafting Vitis Vinifera vines onto Labrusca rootstock, giving rise to the modern viticultural industry.

Took out the part about a wine industry.
Since the Iroquois will prevent large parts of New York outside the Hudson valley from being settled for a very long time, when they do get settled, I'll probably make it a separate province from the Hudson valley-NYC area.

 

[Kurt_Steiner]

Very interesting... I hoped that Coligny could avoid dying by going to America, but... c'est la vie.

 

[Vitruvius]

I didn't figure Quebec would be part of New France-for one thing, its seperated from it by hundreds of miles of unsettled territory, so governing Quebec from Nouvelle-Angouleme wouldn't make all that much sense. I'm wondering, actually, what the French would call the Saint Lawrence area? Canada? Nouvelle-something?

Well I suppose Quebec could be just Le Quebec, or Le Canada, La Laurentie maybe but less likely. Or perhaps its considered part of L'Acadie. Maybe La Louisiane in honor Louis XIII. At least I assume that Louis XIII is King right now. You haven't mentioned the mother country much but I assume events in France, and Europe at large, have so far played out more or less like OTL.

Which brings up the Anglo-French War and the OTL capture of Quebec City by the English in 1629. Curious what role the English play now. And how the ongoing suppression of the Huguenots in France ties into the new Rohan administration of Nouvelle France.

That's what always stumped me when working out a Huguenot colony. It seems like they will inevitably be suppressed in France without major butterflies coming fast and furious from the Americas. So then the colony becomes questionable. Will France let them continue in the colony? Or will they be suppressed almost surely leading to a rebellion? Then its a matter of war, and without foreign support can they win? But if they do look to the Dutch or English for protection will they still retain their 'Frenchness' long term if future colonists come from somewhere else and they're under the (even nominal) control of some other nation?

No need to answer these questions. I just bring them up to say that that's why I'm really looking forward to this TL. Hopefully you've been able to think more creatively than I and have find a way for the Huguenot colony to stay French and Protestant.

 

[Mirza Khan]

*About the Quebec thing-the Saint Lawrence valley area is governed from Quebec and is a seperate colony, Nouvelle-Navarre. Most of the inhabitants call it "Canada"

1628: Following the French siege of La Rochelle, another wave of Huguenots leaves France. Many settle in the French and Dutch colonies in the new world. Some settle in the Penobscot river area, founding the town of Louisville (Augusta, Maine)

1630: Governor Rohan cracks down on smuggling in an attempt to enforce a ban on trade with non-French ports. Encouraged by the French crown, a small Catholic community begins to settle in the previously Huguenot colonies, leading to tensions with the Huguenots.

1634: Immigration from a French colony to a non-French colony is banned, in the face of large-scale movement of settlers from Nouvelle-France to New Nassau. Many people defy this by making the trip overland, from the lower Verrazzano valley down into the upper Nassau valley. The area involved is too large for Rohan's garrison to effectively patrol, and the occassional forays at it (also aimed at stopping illegal overland smuggling) lead to yet more worsened tensions with the local population.

1638: Swedes found Fort Cristina (Baltimore, MD) and attempt to colonize the area around the Chesapeake Bay as New Sweden

1640's: Francophones now repesent around 60% of New Nassau's population, particularly concentrated in the northern part of the area around Nieuw Kasteel (or as the French call it, Neuchatel). Dutch speakers are next, at around 25%, with the rest split among (in rough order) Germans, English, and Africans.

1655: New Sweden is taken over by the Dutch.

 

[Mirza Khan]

Well I suppose Quebec could be just Le Quebec, or Le Canada, La Laurentie maybe but less likely. Or perhaps its considered part of L'Acadie. Maybe La Louisiane in honor Louis XIII. At least I assume that Louis XIII is King right now. You haven't mentioned the mother country much but I assume events in France, and Europe at large, have so far played out more or less like OTL.

Which brings up the Anglo-French War and the OTL capture of Quebec City by the English in 1629. Curious what role the English play now. And how the ongoing suppression of the Huguenots in France ties into the new Rohan administration of Nouvelle France.

That's what always stumped me when working out a Huguenot colony. It seems like they will inevitably be suppressed in France without major butterflies coming fast and furious from the Americas. So then the colony becomes questionable. Will France let them continue in the colony? Or will they be suppressed almost surely leading to a rebellion? Then its a matter of war, and without foreign support can they win? But if they do look to the Dutch or English for protection will they still retain their 'Frenchness' long term if future colonists come from somewhere else and they're under the (even nominal) control of some other nation?

No need to answer these questions. I just bring them up to say that that's why I'm really looking forward to this TL. Hopefully you've been able to think more creatively than I and have find a way for the Huguenot colony to stay French and Protestant.

Yes, I intend to have minimal butterflies in Europe until the French Revolution. I mean, working out what happens in Europe takes the focus off America and turns the whole thing into something of a muddle, and just throwing out random European wars without explaining them seems (to me at least) like handwaving. That said, if someone can give me an explanation as to how a specific event in the Americas will influence Europe, I'll take it into account.

As for the Huguenots, the Edict of Nantes happened in this TL and is still in force, so Protestantism is tolerated within defined areas (which, in this TL, includes French NY/New England). Under Rohan and subsequent governors, there are attempts to introduce Catholicism, which I've mentioned in the last update. As for what happens afterward, you ought be watching whats happening with the Dutch. Remember, the Dutch didn't have a very large settler population to draw on, and Suriname and all the Dutch islands in the Caribbean today speak Papamentio (a Portuguese/Spanish criole) or English as the primary vernacular language.

As for the Franco-English war, I am, umm, stumped. None of the histories of Canada I've read mentioned Quebec being taken by the Brits in 1629 (or more likely, they mentioned it and I forgot about it). Lets just assume there weren't any English attacks on the new world colonies.

EDIT: Speaking of Britain, I forgot to mention that they've basically colonized all of the East Coast, from Florida to southern Virginia.

 

[Vitruvius]

I completely agree re butterflies in continental Europe. Not hard to see events going the same at least into the early 18th century.

I wouldn't worry about the English capture of Quebec I mentioned. It was during their brief war and was the personal undertaking of the Kirkes (one of whom was incidentally married to a Huguenot woman). They managed to get lucky by capturing the French supply fleet thus forcing Champlain to surrender. Of course when England and France made peace Charles I made them return it to the French. Not hard at all to see that not happening.

Anyways ... I really like where this is going so far.

 

[Mirza Khan]

1665-1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War. The war leads to a series of naval engagements in and around the Chesapeake Bay between the British and English. Fort Altena (the Dutch name for Fort Christina) is burned by a British overland raid from Virginia in late 1666. However, the Dutch raid on the Medway in June 1667 turns the war strongly in their favor, and in late June, a Dutch squadron destroys a smaller English one at the Battle of Hampton Roads. Afterward, the Dutch capture-and flatten-the British fort at Hampton. The war ends at the Treaty of Breda in 1667, which specifies the Rappahannock River as the boundery between British and Dutch America.

1672-1678: The Franco-Dutch war. Being right next to each other, New Nassau and New France quickly become the focus of much of the fighting. A French invasion attempt is twarted by the Dutch at the Battle of Neuchatel when Huguenot militiamen guarding the French flank surrender upon the first Dutch cavalry charge. Indeed, most Huguenots are either neutral in the affair, or else actively hope to come under Calvinist Dutch rule. New Nassau's current governor, Johan Lacroix, decides to take advantage of this. In 1675 organizes an invasion force, made up of local settlers (many Huguenot) and West India Company mercenaries, which journeys overland, largely through wilderness, and surprises the French at Charlesbourg (Kingston, NY). After taking the city, Lacroix and his miltia journey up the Hudson valley, securing Coligny and the rest largely without a fight-and indeed, gaining about a thousand volunteers-before returning down to lay seige to Nouvelle-Angouleme. The French are only intermittedly able to supply the city, so the siege drags on until a Dutch engineer manages to mine the wall. The rest of the French towns put up little resistence, and often, the "conquering" Dutch army is greeted by cheers and celebrations. Athough the war is generally considered a French victory, the French realize that retaking their Huguenot colonies would require at least some military commitment for areas that don't produce all that much of value anyway. The French thus sell all their New world colonies, except Quebec and the Saint Lawrence, to the Dutch at the war's end. The Dutch rename the area "New Holland". By now, however, the Huguenots have started calling the area Le Napoquin, and themselves Napoquinais (this word almost certainly derives from Lenapehoking, the Lenape Indian name for their homeland in the *Hudson and *Delaware river valleys)

1691: The Great Fire of 1691 burns down most of Nouvelle-Angouleme, including the old fort. The current governor, Adrian Hausmann, finances a reconstruction of the city, with all buildings built out of stone with slate roofs for fireproofing purposes. The work was financed by the Dutch and Nouvelle-Angouleme's traders, and much of it survives as Nouvelle-Angouleme's famous Old City.

Governor's House, Nouvelle-Angouleme

Winter in a French-style part of Nouvelle-Angouleme's old city

Gate at the replacement fort built by Governor Hausman on the southern tip of Manata, commonly called the "Chateau d'Haussman"

Buildings in Nouvelle-Angouleme's "Dutch quarter"


Nouvelle-Angouleme, being the largest city with the best harbor in Dutch America, was made the capital, a decision that would ultimately cement the character of the newly Dutch colony. For Nouvelle-Angouleme had developed a solid middle class of Huguenot traders, who were happy to continue doing business in under Dutch rule-often using their relatives and connections in England or the Netherlands-and who, most importantly, kept speaking French. Indeed, while Nouvelle-Angouleme would soon aquire the polyglot mix of Dutch, Germans, English, Africans, Native Americans, Sephardic Jews, and others that characterized any Dutch American city, the French language always remained dominant-in the church, in trade, in the population at large, and generally in polite society. Rather than try to challenge this, the Dutch simply carried along, and knowledge of French became a prequisite for any job in "New Holland". The Dutch, however, would leave their stamp on Le Napoquin-in the numerous words of Dutch and German origin that are found in Napoquin French, in the Roman-Dutch legal system that still governs Le Napoquin today, and, perhaps, in a general notion of cosmopolitan tolerance that would serve Nouvelle-Angouleme-and indeed, all of Le Napoquin-well in its subsequent centuries.

 

[Kurt_Steiner]

With the Hugonets joining or surrendering to the Dutch in America, wouldn't it call for some kind of royal revenge in France?

 

[pompejus]

1665-1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War. The war leads to a series of naval engagements in and around the Chesapeake Bay between the British and English. Fort Altena (the Dutch name for Fort Christina) is burned by a British overland raid from Virginia in late 1666. However, the Dutch raid on the Medway in June 1667 turns the war strongly in their favor, and in late June, a Dutch squadron destroys a smaller English one at the Battle of Hampton Roads. Afterward, the Dutch capture-and flatten-the British fort at Hampton. The war ends at the Treaty of Breda in 1667, which specifies the Rappahannock River as the boundery between British and Dutch America.

I was wondering. Does this mean no Dutch Surinam?

 

[Vitruvius]

I like this. The francophone world now has two rather disparate poles, absolutist royalist France and quasi-democratic cosmopolitan tolerant Napoquin.

What happens to Acadie? Is it still French or part of Napoquin? And did the Scottish successfully settle Nova Scotia in the 1630s or were they pushed out by the French? Seems like the loss of Nouvelle Angouleme would push the France to develop Ile Royale at the very least as a safeguard for Quebec. Just as the loss of Acadie OTL caused them to establish Louisbourg there.

 

[Mirza Khan]

I was wondering. Does this mean no Dutch Surinam?

As I understand it, the Treaty of Breda was basically "everyone keeps what they captured", thus New Netherland-Britain and Suriname-Dutch. So, lets say (minimum butterflies) the Dutch still capture Suriname. Come to think of it, keeping Suriname could be the Netherlands' price for giving Hampton Roads (at the time, the only really "urbanized" area of Virginia) back to England.

Just curious, do you have any idea of what the Dutch West India company's finances were like? Didn't it run out of money and get taken over by the government in the early 1790's? The reason I'm asking is because the WIC, right now, has control over New Holland/Le Napoquin, and I expect that ultimately, it wouldn't be very profitable-it doesn't really have any major cash cows, except a (probably dried up by now) fur trade and some tobacco in the southern parts, but it still has to be garrisoned and all...might we see the WIC go belly up a couple decades earlier?

 

[Mirza Khan]

With the Hugonets joining or surrendering to the Dutch in America, wouldn't it call for some kind of royal revenge in France?

This is OTL, so yeah. Dutch America is going to get several thousand new settlers around 1685. Lots of skilled, craftsman settlers. Their gain, France's loss.

 

[Kurt_Steiner]

As usual, in both sides of the Pyrenees, silly religious ideas made them countries to loose some of their most enterprising fellows...

 

[Mirza Khan]

1689-97: War of the Grand Alliance results in the pillaging of much of Germany's Palatinate region, causing many of its residents to immigrate. The region will also suffer in the war of Spanish Succession, and some thousands of its residents will find refuge in Dutch America

1701-1714: War of Spanish Succession, in which the Netherlands and France are pitted against each other once again. From a Napoquinais point of view, the war was most notable for the Dutch conquest of French Acadia in 1712, by a majority-Napoquinais army. However, the bad blood that had accumulated between French Catholics and Huguenots over the last two centuries hadn't gone away, and the Acadians were very reluctant to come under the rule of the Dutch and their Huguenot subjects. While the Dutch were able to rule Port Royal, Aldenburg (Halifax) and a few other strongholds, the interior largely remained under the control of the Acadians and their allies, the Micmaq Indian tribe.
The British also take the French city of Biloxi and other strongholds on the Gulf coast. After the war, they being colonizing the lower Mississippi valley

1740-1748: War of Austrian Sucession: The Netherlands again goes to war with France. Continued Acadian resistence and collaboration with France leads to a series of open battles from 1742-1748, bringing Acadia fully under the control of the Dutch. Dutch attacks on Fort Louisbourg and Quebec City (with Huguenot participation) fail

After 1748, the Dutch economy grows into a rather steep decline. In an effort to increase revenue, the Dutch pass a number of new taxes, and begin enforcing mercantilistic laws against trading with non-Dutch ports. Rule by the Dutch West India company becomes ever more corrupt. Needless to say, all of this is extremely unpopular, and a number of anti-Dutch salons, correspondence circles, secret societies, and the like begin to form.

1764: Wine rebellion: A new tax on imported wine releases pent-up frustrations against WIC policies, leading to over a weak of rioting in Nouvelle-Angouleme. Dutch Stadtholder William IV agrees to buy out New Holland from the WIC and makes a number of concessions, mostly lowered taxes. In addition, New Holland was divided into six provinces (French names given here):

• Nouvelle-Angoumois [roughly Nouvelle-Angouleme, the Hudson valley, northeastern New Jersey and parts of western Connecticut]
• Nouvelle-Saintogne [rest of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Mass.]
• Nassau [Pennsylvania, Delaware, and southwestern New Jersey
• Terre-Adrien [Maryland, the Dutch part of Virginia-named for explorer Adrian Block, who first charted the Adrian (Chesapeake) bay for the Dutch]
• Abenaq [Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire. Named after an Indian tribe]
• Acadia [New Brunswick and Nova Scotia]

Provinces, and most towns, are granted the right to elect an assembly to "advise" the Dutch-appointed governor. Town assemblies ccan also elect their own mayors (already exercised in practice for while).

Taxes remain low throughout the 1760's, but begin to creep up again in the late 1770's, leading to renewed anti-Dutch sentiment.