1893-1909: California
The Dominion of California was divided by racial tensions during the 1890s and well into the 20th century. Under the Page Ministry, the Californian government evicted one third of the Chinese population without a care as to where they went, so long as it was outside of their borders. This earned California the scorn of her neighboring nations, such as Baja, Texas, and the United States. While many in Mexico were appalled at the actions, Mexico’s political leaders were reluctant to damage the economic relationship between them. In addition, there were many in Mexico who feared the “Yellow Peril” almost as much as the Californians. California’s actions also earned California condemnation from British Prime Minister William Gladstone. Alternatively, Prime Minister Rhodes of the Cape Colony praised Page for his efforts. While only a third of the Chinese population had been evicted, many citizens in the Dominion pressured those who remained to leave. Lynchings against Asian Californians increased exponentially, and only in very rare instances did law enforcement intervene. Further out west in what the Mormoms typically called Deseret, attitudes towards the Chinese was more somewhat relaxed as the Mormon population knew what it was like to be persecuted. That said, anti Chinese discrimination was still prevalent in the interior of California.
Prime Minister Page died in 1891 from an unknown illness, leaving the deputy prime minister Thomas J. Geary to fill the role. Geary would continue to hold the position of Prime Minister after the 1893 elections. Despite Denis Kearney being one of the major organizers for the Workingmen’s Party as well as one of its founders, was found to not have the proper temperament for the position. Geary remained Prime Minister until 1903, presiding over a period of Californian economic growth.
White and Hispanic Californians would have a nostalgic, favorable view of Geary Ministry as it was seen as a time of prosperity. Following him was George Cooper Pardee. And his ministry was a mess. The first major incident he was faced with was the San Francisco Bubonic Plague of 1903-1904. At first, he down played the plague, not believing it to be as bad as it was said to be. However, after a month he acknowledged the plague and placed the city under quarantine, having doctors be sent into the city to see to the people. Chinatown was largely abandoned, and it was dangerous for Chinese Californians to leave and go to other areas in the city. Having degraded into a slum, the neighborhood was hit the hardest, though no records survive of how many lives were lost. At the worst of the quarantine, proponents of the “yellow peril” began to blame the plague on the Chinese, saying that they had brought it into the city as part of a plot to weaken the “proud, Anglo/Hispano Californian race.” Angry racists at times stood at the edges of the slum, hurling insults and garbage at the minority residents. The San Francisco Plague would die down by the summer of 1904. Unfortunately for Geary, his ministry was rocked yet again by a 7.9 earthquake (as measured by modern moment magnitude scale) that totaled the city of San Francisco, causing several fires that destroyed what was left. Estimates for the death number hover at around 3,000 by historians. What followed the earthquake was chaos. Sailors of the Royal Californian Navy and local Royal Marines attempted to impose order in the city, but were unable to contain the intense looting and rioting while also assisting the fire department in containing the blaze. In the days after the quake, the Chinese Californians once again got the short end of the stick. Oftentimes, Chinese would have their allotted supplies stolen by the ruling class of Hispanics and whites. Other times, they were outright denied food, water, or medicine by officials.
The destruction of San Francisco was a heavy blow for the dominion’s economy. The city was the financial hub of the dominion as well as the heart of trade in the Pacific for the colony. During the quake, the San Francisco Mint was consumed by the earth, as well as multiple banks in the heart of the city as they were unknowingly build near fault lines. Much of the money was burned in the subsequent fires, and much of the gold was lost to the cracks. Faced with the greatest crisis in history as a British colony, Prime Minister Pardee was forced to seek a foreign loan. The Dominion of Canada donated $100,000 to the capital of Monterey, as did the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United States government during the Beaver years declined, as did the Texan government. Instead, American business men began to rebuild and invest in the city, buying up great swaths of property in the city. Feeling that he had bungled his attempt to govern the dominion, the George Pardee government was brought down by a vote of no confidence in early 1907. Hiram Johnson of the Californian Democratic Party soon ascended to Prime Minister. He would hold this post until 1914.