Barry M. Goldwater
(Republican)
1961 - 1965
As a Senator, Barry Goldwater had been one of the loudest critics of the Stevenson administration. As a staunch conservative and anti-communist he opposed his welfare programs as well as his cozying up with the Soviets near the end of his term. The only time Goldwater had anything good to say about Stevenson was his show of respect for the state government’s over the issue of civil rights. Goldwater himself would prefer the South allow African Americans their full rights, but felt that the legislation of morality would simply make the situation worse. When Hubert Humphrey solidified his role as front runner for the Democrats in 1960, Goldwater announced his candidacy to warn the nation of the dangers of government overreach and the threat that comes from the Soviets. While his message played well with the base, it would be the younger Senator, Gerald Ford, who would be granted the Presidency. Goldwater was pleased to be tapped for Vice President, seeing it as an opportunity to promote his values from within the White House. After the President-Elect’s death, the nation found a man that many considered an extremist about to ascend the highest office in the land.
Goldwater boldly stepped onto the world stage by declaring the end of the Detente with the Soviets, and put out his vision of rolling back the “Communist Menace”. He called on the Senate to rescind the nuclear test ban treaty, signed two year previously, and demanded the Soviets liberate Eastern Europe. The Senate would ignore this demand, with Senate Majority Leader Cooper calling these demand unnecessarily antagonistic. Goldwater would ramp up covert support promoting revolutions on the other side of the Iron Curtain. His rollback policy would culminate in the Czech Missile Crisis, where it was revealed that Goldwater, convinced that the Soviets were secretly mass producing their own missiles, had ordered nuclear missiles into the Czechoslovakia to solidify their first strike capability. The tension between the two powers had never been greater, and Goldwater was shocked that the UN demanded that the missiles be removed for the peace of the world after Khrushchev put his case directly before the body . Goldwater demanded the defunding of the UN, which was also ignored, but did relent in removing the missiles; but not before setting up an arms trafficking network within the nation.
Goldwater would have some initial success with the Republican Congress he had inherited. Arguing that the current recession was from the government spending that wasn’t being paid for, as well as the tax policy that hadn’t changed in over a decade. Goldwater’s more ambitious efforts to make Social Security and the Federal Health Service never got off the ground, but his policy of fiscal restraint stemming from lower taxes with greater cuts to domestic programs were reformed. The economy would begin to pick up, slowly, with the Recession officially ending in late 1962, but the effects would continue to be felt through Goldwater’s term.
Civil Rights would come to dominate the last two years of Goldwater’s term. Goldwater wanted to keep above the fray, feeling that gradual and peaceful integration would lead to greater tolerance. When protests of college integration turned violent in 1962, Goldwater called the situation horrendous, but refused to send in federal troops. The President called on Southern Governors to hold their citizens accountable and to restore order. Those Governors did crack down, but primarily on minorities. The new Congress put forward a Civil Rights Act to counter the aggression down South, which Goldwater vetoed, leading to more protests and riots. After the events of the Czech Missile Crisis, white college students joined in nationwide, leaving most Americans with the sense that law and order had broken down.
Goldwater refused to back down, and actively campaigned in the Republican Primaries to ensure his own nomination. When more moderate candidates were defeated by Republican voters, the path to the nomination was cleared. Selecting party favorite Richard Nixon as his Vice President traveled the country defending his recording. Unfortunately for the President, the lack of stability nationwide, a lack of major foreign policy successes, and an only recently improving economy led to sure defeat against his Democratic challenger.