My apologies for the lack of updates for the last six months but I've simply not have had enough time due to school and work obligations. However, I have just found the time so here is the long overdues next update!
Oriental Troubles
Following the Boxer rebellion and the Foreign Intervention in China, the Qing Dynasty saw its grip weaken on China. Although Dowager Empress Cixi attempted to prolong Qing rule by implemented radical reforms much like the ones she supressed several years earlier, these reforms were poorly implemented and were not enough to quench dissent within the Qing. However, fortunately for her, Cixi would not live to see the end of the Qing Dynasty.
In fact, her death was the catalyst for the collapse of Qing. A strike in Guandong following the death of Dowager Empress Cixi on November 15th 1908 quickly turned violent, while the Qing government was effectively paralysed from Cixi’s death. Revolutionary leader Sun Yixian called for the “people to retake China from the barbarians” and the uprising spread throughout Guangdong province, fuelled by popular dissent against the Qing. The Tongmenghui organised further revolts in Sichuan province and Hubei province. Qing Military units began to defect and declared the Qing Government to be illegitimate. By March of 1909, the Republican revolt had spread across Southern China.
The Qing, fearing for their rule, appointed the famous General Yuan Shikai. Yuan had commanded his “New Army” against the foreign interventionists during the Boxer Rebellion and won the few victories the Qing saw during the Boxer Rebellion and as such commanded much respect amongst China. The Qing appointed him commander of the Qing army and promised him the position of Prime Minister if he crushed the southern rebellion. However, Sun Yixian, having arrived in Guandong in December from Hawaii, offered Yuan Shikai the position of presidency in a post-Qing government. Yuan accepted the offer, and with their empire falling around them Dowager Empress Longyu and the infant Puyi officially abdicated on the 24th of May and fled to Japanese controlled Manchuria.
Yuan Shikai was officially sworn in as President of the newly elected National Assembly on the 1st of June, and initially ruled from Nanjing in an uneasy coalition with the Guomindong (successors of the Tongmenhui). However, Yuan aimed to further his own power and by late 1910 had largely orchestrated a full takeover of the government using the military as his base of power. The National Assembly was dissolved and replaced by the Council of State, merely a puppet of Yuan, and he majorly expanded his dictatorial powers, culminating in the Council of State crowning Yuan as Emperor of China, under the era name of Zhèngyì (正义, meaning Righteous) on the 1st of October 1914.
Sun Yixian, in exile in Japan, called for a second revolution, sparking a revolt in southern China once again. Zhengyi and Republican forces clashed and met in stalemate, resulting in a ceasefire between the Republicans and the Zhengyi. An official peace was never agreed on between the two parties, while Sun Yixian formed a new government out of the Guomindong with its power base in Guandong, while the Zhengyi Emperor moved his capital to Beijing, and warlords in Yunnan, Sichuan and eastern provinces declared independence from either government.
The Chinese Revolution of 1909 ultimately saw China being split into two hostile governments, one a self-styled monarchy and the other a republican Government.
As always, constructive criticism is much appreciated!