TL: The Imperial Evolution (a stronger Commonwealth)
- Thread starter Devvy
- Start date
Devvy
Donor
1940: In the Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia, the early petroleum companies struck lucky; huge oil deposits seemed to be almost under Arabian feet, especially along the eastern coast and Persian Gulf. The Anglo-Arabian Oil Company and Royal Shell became the two main players in the Arabian oilfields, with both granted substantial drilling licenses, much to the chagrin of American companies; the very tight Hashemite-British relationship forming the basis of many gentlemen's handshake agreements. Actions over the years, and the presence of British companies in Arabia anyway had inevitably lead to closer Arabian-UK ties over the years anyway, and the influx of British oil interests only served to further it.. Coincidentally, the almost self-sufficient in foods Commonwealth Communities members were looking for additional export destinations and Arabia would be an ideal candidate; a large population, with an inhospitable climate for serious agriculture across much of the country. The Kingdom of Arabia was (and remains) largely British influenced, substantial amounts of people conversant in English (despite Arabic being the official language), and could contribute economically to the Commonwealth - especially with the new found sources of oil flowing. Many politicians commented that in some ways that made it a better integration prospect then the already acceding Argentina, however that viewpoint overlooked significant cultural and religious differences. Despite this, trade envoys began to discuss deals, largely of food-for-oil, until global events begin to overshadow negotiations, wherever they may have lead.
Later in 1940, riots broke out in French Rhineland after a set of German protesters were shot by French police; French officials claimed just 4 casualties with 5 injured, while the German citizenry claimed 12 deaths and 20 injuries. Whatever the truth maybe, it was a major flashpoint in the Rhineland, and actions began to snowball with further protests and riots occurring and escalating. The demilitarised nature of the Rhineland made life very complicated for the French, as while they were able to declare martial law, it was impossible to really police without serious military backup. As Germans protested against French rule, they were to be further incensed by French heavy handed policing trying to enforce curfew, and ultimately retain French control over the region. In nearby Alsace-Lorraine, French military forces stood ready near the French-Rhenish border, with the corresponding German forces also massed on just the other side of the Rhine river; neither French nor German politicians wanting to make the first move. Diplomatically, the Germans clamoured for reunification, demanding the return of German lands who had endured over 20 years of ham fisted French rule, neatly ignoring the reverse situation immediately prior to 1916 in Alsace-Lorraine. The British Foreign Minister, Bert Eden, attempted to intervene and negotiate between the two European powers, but was rebuffed by the French - and left Europe seem on the brink of another French-German showdown.
And lastly, in 1940, the Japanese War began. The Chinese and Japanese had been preparing for a showdown for several years, and had already fought in the late 1930s (resulting in Japanese Manchukuo amongst other territories). Japanese "aid" and soldiers aided revolutionaries in French Indochina, and Japanese forces began further invasions of China, to fully bring China under Japanese rule. With Japan largely satisfied that the US would remain neutral, in the face of it's somewhat isolationist foreign policy since the Great War, Japanese forces staged a rapid attack on Hong Kong, fearing the British would soon intervene on behalf of their Chinese "puppets". Despite a vicious two week battle against entrenched forces, the surprise Japan overwhelmed British defences, and Hong Kong caved. It was a slap in the face to British sensibilities; the UK had been caught off guard, and despite the fact that Hong Kong was never expected to be able to hold out for a serious amount of time, the fold in Hong Kong stung British pride. Whether or not Britain would have entered the war eventually in order to back up their Chinese interests is a matter of academic debate, but the Hong Kong attack was the first in a series of moves that escalated the Japanese War by a several orders of magnitude.
Later in 1940, riots broke out in French Rhineland after a set of German protesters were shot by French police; French officials claimed just 4 casualties with 5 injured, while the German citizenry claimed 12 deaths and 20 injuries. Whatever the truth maybe, it was a major flashpoint in the Rhineland, and actions began to snowball with further protests and riots occurring and escalating. The demilitarised nature of the Rhineland made life very complicated for the French, as while they were able to declare martial law, it was impossible to really police without serious military backup. As Germans protested against French rule, they were to be further incensed by French heavy handed policing trying to enforce curfew, and ultimately retain French control over the region. In nearby Alsace-Lorraine, French military forces stood ready near the French-Rhenish border, with the corresponding German forces also massed on just the other side of the Rhine river; neither French nor German politicians wanting to make the first move. Diplomatically, the Germans clamoured for reunification, demanding the return of German lands who had endured over 20 years of ham fisted French rule, neatly ignoring the reverse situation immediately prior to 1916 in Alsace-Lorraine. The British Foreign Minister, Bert Eden, attempted to intervene and negotiate between the two European powers, but was rebuffed by the French - and left Europe seem on the brink of another French-German showdown.
And lastly, in 1940, the Japanese War began. The Chinese and Japanese had been preparing for a showdown for several years, and had already fought in the late 1930s (resulting in Japanese Manchukuo amongst other territories). Japanese "aid" and soldiers aided revolutionaries in French Indochina, and Japanese forces began further invasions of China, to fully bring China under Japanese rule. With Japan largely satisfied that the US would remain neutral, in the face of it's somewhat isolationist foreign policy since the Great War, Japanese forces staged a rapid attack on Hong Kong, fearing the British would soon intervene on behalf of their Chinese "puppets". Despite a vicious two week battle against entrenched forces, the surprise Japan overwhelmed British defences, and Hong Kong caved. It was a slap in the face to British sensibilities; the UK had been caught off guard, and despite the fact that Hong Kong was never expected to be able to hold out for a serious amount of time, the fold in Hong Kong stung British pride. Whether or not Britain would have entered the war eventually in order to back up their Chinese interests is a matter of academic debate, but the Hong Kong attack was the first in a series of moves that escalated the Japanese War by a several orders of magnitude.
Devvy
Donor
As you can see from 1940; tensions are rising in Europe. And fighting is out in the east; I couldn't see how the story so far would prevent Japanese militarism.
To be honest, I'd love to keep Hong Kong British/Commonwealth. But the more I look into it, the more difficult I find it. Both sides of the Chinese political spectrum were hell bent on unifying China fully, both sides wouldn't sell HK off. And without a diplomatic solution, the sheer number of Chinese soldier could easily walk in to Hong Kong.
I'm curious to see how the Commonwealth evolves with some of the other small, non-British parts of the Empire, like Malta and Cyprus. With Argentina as a precedent, several of the areas with "racially acceptable" populations could be more fully integrated.
Also curious to see if the Brits are able to defend Singapore this time around.
Devvy
Donor
1941: In 1941, William V comes into his own as King William, reaching the required age of 18. However, backed by his uncle, Prince George, William broke with tradition and announced his intention to continue his education by attending university (instead of continuing in to the military), with Prince George effectively continuing as an unofficial "British Governor-General" - an experience he was well equipped for considering his earlier duties as the Governor-General of Canada. While it was a big break from tradition, it was looked upon well by the establishment; it was often commented that "university would maketh the man", as a standing King could not realistically play any serious role in the British military. His place at Cambridge University, Trinity College was accepted, in order to study a combination of history, archaeology and languages (advancing further his proficiency in French as well as Latin and Irish, which were William's own choices).
Such pleasantries aside however, the European War deepened in 1941. Spurred by the further deterioration of the situation in the Rhineland, the German Army was the first to move, and swept into the Rhineland at several points along the river. The forces were almost completely welcomes by the German inhabitants. The French Army was slow to react, and this would form the basis of much criticism in post-war years, and when they did, they were hampered by sabotaging of infrastructure by undercover German units in collaboration with the civilian population. Important roads were sabotaged at key checkpoints, anything that would allow the German army to have an advantage in camping itself firmly in the Rhineland. The inability of the French to move around freely - and the limited French-Rhenish border to cross (with Luxembourg effectively forcing all French forces to enter the Rhineland from the south, meant that the French forces managed to capture little of the territory. The limited achievements of the French military mean that new plans begin to be drawn up to reclaim French pride and resources rather then idly surrendering the Rhineland to Germany. French requests for British assistance were met with little enthusiasm; Britain did not want to commit to another costly war that seemed an almost French internal affair, brought on by French police actions, and probably correcting a historic injustice of the separation of Germany.
In the east, Thai forces took advantage of French weaknesses and invaded Cambodia. The colonial forces, low on resources due to the focus in Europe were utterly outclassed by the Thai forces who swept across Cambodia, and at one point looked like additionally taking French Cochinchina. It was only down to the resistance of the French Navy and last lines of defence that a complete defeat was averted. The year ended out with Thai annexation of the Cambodian lands, although a peace treaty was yet to be signed. The Japanese Empire offered it's congratulations to Thailand for defeating the western hostile forces, and recognising the Thai annexation of Cambodia, attempting to curry favour with the rising power. December would also see the influx of Japanese forces into French Indochina from the north, swiftly taking Hanoi. The war in China was beginning to bog down; the Chinese forces were slowly improving, and the sheer numbers of Chinese men willing to fight made life difficult for the Japanese. Reports of Japanese atrocities in Chinese territory only served to galvanise opinion further and convince more Chinese men that the war was one worth fighting. Britain, after the loss of Hong Kong was now shipping weapons across the border to Chinese (nationalist) forces from India, with many soldiers being trained in the area as well. Communist Chinese forces were mostly concentrated on the north, and sabotaging Japanese infrastructure rather then being involved in the direct fighting on the fronts.
Such pleasantries aside however, the European War deepened in 1941. Spurred by the further deterioration of the situation in the Rhineland, the German Army was the first to move, and swept into the Rhineland at several points along the river. The forces were almost completely welcomes by the German inhabitants. The French Army was slow to react, and this would form the basis of much criticism in post-war years, and when they did, they were hampered by sabotaging of infrastructure by undercover German units in collaboration with the civilian population. Important roads were sabotaged at key checkpoints, anything that would allow the German army to have an advantage in camping itself firmly in the Rhineland. The inability of the French to move around freely - and the limited French-Rhenish border to cross (with Luxembourg effectively forcing all French forces to enter the Rhineland from the south, meant that the French forces managed to capture little of the territory. The limited achievements of the French military mean that new plans begin to be drawn up to reclaim French pride and resources rather then idly surrendering the Rhineland to Germany. French requests for British assistance were met with little enthusiasm; Britain did not want to commit to another costly war that seemed an almost French internal affair, brought on by French police actions, and probably correcting a historic injustice of the separation of Germany.
In the east, Thai forces took advantage of French weaknesses and invaded Cambodia. The colonial forces, low on resources due to the focus in Europe were utterly outclassed by the Thai forces who swept across Cambodia, and at one point looked like additionally taking French Cochinchina. It was only down to the resistance of the French Navy and last lines of defence that a complete defeat was averted. The year ended out with Thai annexation of the Cambodian lands, although a peace treaty was yet to be signed. The Japanese Empire offered it's congratulations to Thailand for defeating the western hostile forces, and recognising the Thai annexation of Cambodia, attempting to curry favour with the rising power. December would also see the influx of Japanese forces into French Indochina from the north, swiftly taking Hanoi. The war in China was beginning to bog down; the Chinese forces were slowly improving, and the sheer numbers of Chinese men willing to fight made life difficult for the Japanese. Reports of Japanese atrocities in Chinese territory only served to galvanise opinion further and convince more Chinese men that the war was one worth fighting. Britain, after the loss of Hong Kong was now shipping weapons across the border to Chinese (nationalist) forces from India, with many soldiers being trained in the area as well. Communist Chinese forces were mostly concentrated on the north, and sabotaging Japanese infrastructure rather then being involved in the direct fighting on the fronts.
Considering the British were actually seized Hong Kong Island and Kowloon as their own territories, instead of lands lended from the Chinese like the New Territories, and with the British recgonizing the Chinese's Qing territories (and remember that the territories don't include HK Island and Kowloon as the Qing already ceased them to the British) in return, maybe, just maybe---you know, politics---London could claim part of HK as their land and later let her be a member of the Commonwealth?
Devvy
Donor
True, but Hong Kong without the NT is untenable. The NT (in OTL) featured major shipping ports, reservoirs, and the international airport. I don't see how you can split it apart once that development begins (and I'd argue that building reservoirs on the NT is unavoidable considering the HK Island/Kowloon cityscape). And the airport is going to end up out there at some point, due to the spatial requirements, and noise implications.
Devvy
Donor
1942: 1942 would be notable for 2 events in the Pacific War against the Japanese. Both those events occured early in the year.
Fearing the US entering the war to protect it's interest in the Philippines (upon which Japan also had it's eye) and possibly entering the Allied side with the British (as they had done in the Great War), Japan launched a swift attack upon Pearl Harbour, based upon their Hong Kong experiences. A fast and express bombing run on naval facilities was designed to knock the US out of the war before they even realised they were involved, crippling it's ability to be involved and leaving Japan with a free hand. The attack largely succeeded with it's aims; the damage inflicted upon US forces was huge. However, the US declared war on Japan, and by the end of the year, was actively assisting Britain in the effort against Japan.
The second point was the Japanese effort against the British port of Singapore. The first part was the invasion of the Dutch East Indies; however the British, assisted by Indian regiments, responded by invading Sumatra and declaring it under British supervision, in order to prevent any Japanese notion of getting close to Singapore. The Dutch, with their foreign policy firmly set in Europe and avoiding being dragged into the France-Germany war was largely irrelevant; it wasn't as if the Dutch could repel the Japanese invaders by themselves anyway. However, with the capture of the Dutch East Indies by later 1942, the Commonwealth efforts were firmly focussed - and not just the British. Australia suddenly became within striking distance of Japan, and the Japanese actions in the East Indies galvanised Australian and New Zealander efforts. In order to attempt to strike Singapore as they had done Pearl Harbour in late 1942, the Japanese surprise attacked again. However, their actions had been anticipated, and were repelled by a concert of anti aircraft guns and anti-ship measures. It would be the beginning of the end for Japan with British and American forces pushing back the Japanese advances by the end of 1942.
In Europe, France was stung by it's results against Germany so far. Drastic times called for drastic measures, and the French were infuriated by the Germans. The resulting course of action was labelled "Plan Seventeen", to counter-invade the Rhineland via Belgium, in an almost mirror image of German actions during the Great War. The move would have long lasting implications however; the move caught the British off-guard, who were duty bound to guarantee Belgian sovereignty and were still loathe to be involved in a major European war for the second time in 30 years. Diplomatic manoeuvring meant Britain conveniently called for the restoration of Belgian neutrality, but didn't declare war on France. The French proceeded to invade into the Rhineland, and late in 1942, bombed Frankfurt; the Germans responded by bombing Paris (again). However, the French were suffered several important defeats, and were not helped by an openly hostile civilian population. The Germans began to pound French forces, with a series of victories, but French forces reform their lines, and the war quickly bogged down into a stalemate; a repeat of the Great War and static fortified lines. Alsace-Lorraine, to the south of the Rhineland, falls to the German army however.
The Commonwealth, meanwhile, voted to increase the minimum external tariff to 15%, however it is later lowered to 12% to make it more politically acceptable, with food products being raised to 15%, reflecting the Commonwealth self sufficiency in foodstuffs, causing alarm and frustration in Denmark and Norway who had historically exported food products to the UK and been economically close to the UK historically speaking. The Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia applied to join the Commonwealth during the summer summit, and is largely welcomed in; the widespread use of English in Arabia makes it an easy fit for the Commonwealth, along with it's plentiful oil supplies - an easier fit then Argentina as many point out. Some delegates decry the "large Muslim" element it will bring to the Commonwealth, that will upset the Commonwealth demographics, but the voices are largely drowned out; historians will later argue it as proof that "oil trumps all". This was also the first sign of a weakening of Australia's "White Policy"; their recognition of Arabia into the Commonwealth Communities means them Arab immigrants being welcomed into Australia. Much is attributed to the Australian politician Will Morris, who advocated that Australia must "grow or be gone", and be able to stand up for itself on the international stage.
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Notes: Plenty to mention. The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbour as per OTL ("WWII" will be the last recognisable conflict you'll see in this TL, as butterflies massively spin out after this) and succeed, but obviously draw the US out of it's quasi-isolation. It's been Pacific focussed even during it's isolation, due to it's interests in pan-Pacific trade, and territories across the ocean - including the Philippines. The invasion of Singapore, designed to decisively knock the British out as well fails; and the hold of Singapore marks the major repulse of Japanese invasion waves and the start of the end.
In Europe, France pulls a Schlieffen Plan (Plan XVII). France is confident Britain won't get involved (as the UK has attempted to avoid the European conflict at most turns), despite it guaranteeing Belgian sovereignty, and is right. The UK essentially overlooks it, not wanting to fight it's French friends. Many Walloons in southern Belgium are widely suspected of largely aiding the French forces to transit across Belgium as quickly as possible, something which is decried by Flems. Implications for later....
And Arabia joins the Commonwealth Communities; Australia's white only policy is broken by the Japanese advance into Indonesia. "Grow or be gone" is a nod to Billy Hughes' "populate or perish" lines in OTL. The lower amount of casualties during the Great War means there is still a constant trickle of British emigrants to Canada, Australia & New Zealand, leading to higher then OTL populations though.
Fearing the US entering the war to protect it's interest in the Philippines (upon which Japan also had it's eye) and possibly entering the Allied side with the British (as they had done in the Great War), Japan launched a swift attack upon Pearl Harbour, based upon their Hong Kong experiences. A fast and express bombing run on naval facilities was designed to knock the US out of the war before they even realised they were involved, crippling it's ability to be involved and leaving Japan with a free hand. The attack largely succeeded with it's aims; the damage inflicted upon US forces was huge. However, the US declared war on Japan, and by the end of the year, was actively assisting Britain in the effort against Japan.
The second point was the Japanese effort against the British port of Singapore. The first part was the invasion of the Dutch East Indies; however the British, assisted by Indian regiments, responded by invading Sumatra and declaring it under British supervision, in order to prevent any Japanese notion of getting close to Singapore. The Dutch, with their foreign policy firmly set in Europe and avoiding being dragged into the France-Germany war was largely irrelevant; it wasn't as if the Dutch could repel the Japanese invaders by themselves anyway. However, with the capture of the Dutch East Indies by later 1942, the Commonwealth efforts were firmly focussed - and not just the British. Australia suddenly became within striking distance of Japan, and the Japanese actions in the East Indies galvanised Australian and New Zealander efforts. In order to attempt to strike Singapore as they had done Pearl Harbour in late 1942, the Japanese surprise attacked again. However, their actions had been anticipated, and were repelled by a concert of anti aircraft guns and anti-ship measures. It would be the beginning of the end for Japan with British and American forces pushing back the Japanese advances by the end of 1942.
In Europe, France was stung by it's results against Germany so far. Drastic times called for drastic measures, and the French were infuriated by the Germans. The resulting course of action was labelled "Plan Seventeen", to counter-invade the Rhineland via Belgium, in an almost mirror image of German actions during the Great War. The move would have long lasting implications however; the move caught the British off-guard, who were duty bound to guarantee Belgian sovereignty and were still loathe to be involved in a major European war for the second time in 30 years. Diplomatic manoeuvring meant Britain conveniently called for the restoration of Belgian neutrality, but didn't declare war on France. The French proceeded to invade into the Rhineland, and late in 1942, bombed Frankfurt; the Germans responded by bombing Paris (again). However, the French were suffered several important defeats, and were not helped by an openly hostile civilian population. The Germans began to pound French forces, with a series of victories, but French forces reform their lines, and the war quickly bogged down into a stalemate; a repeat of the Great War and static fortified lines. Alsace-Lorraine, to the south of the Rhineland, falls to the German army however.
The Commonwealth, meanwhile, voted to increase the minimum external tariff to 15%, however it is later lowered to 12% to make it more politically acceptable, with food products being raised to 15%, reflecting the Commonwealth self sufficiency in foodstuffs, causing alarm and frustration in Denmark and Norway who had historically exported food products to the UK and been economically close to the UK historically speaking. The Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia applied to join the Commonwealth during the summer summit, and is largely welcomed in; the widespread use of English in Arabia makes it an easy fit for the Commonwealth, along with it's plentiful oil supplies - an easier fit then Argentina as many point out. Some delegates decry the "large Muslim" element it will bring to the Commonwealth, that will upset the Commonwealth demographics, but the voices are largely drowned out; historians will later argue it as proof that "oil trumps all". This was also the first sign of a weakening of Australia's "White Policy"; their recognition of Arabia into the Commonwealth Communities means them Arab immigrants being welcomed into Australia. Much is attributed to the Australian politician Will Morris, who advocated that Australia must "grow or be gone", and be able to stand up for itself on the international stage.
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Notes: Plenty to mention. The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbour as per OTL ("WWII" will be the last recognisable conflict you'll see in this TL, as butterflies massively spin out after this) and succeed, but obviously draw the US out of it's quasi-isolation. It's been Pacific focussed even during it's isolation, due to it's interests in pan-Pacific trade, and territories across the ocean - including the Philippines. The invasion of Singapore, designed to decisively knock the British out as well fails; and the hold of Singapore marks the major repulse of Japanese invasion waves and the start of the end.
In Europe, France pulls a Schlieffen Plan (Plan XVII). France is confident Britain won't get involved (as the UK has attempted to avoid the European conflict at most turns), despite it guaranteeing Belgian sovereignty, and is right. The UK essentially overlooks it, not wanting to fight it's French friends. Many Walloons in southern Belgium are widely suspected of largely aiding the French forces to transit across Belgium as quickly as possible, something which is decried by Flems. Implications for later....
And Arabia joins the Commonwealth Communities; Australia's white only policy is broken by the Japanese advance into Indonesia. "Grow or be gone" is a nod to Billy Hughes' "populate or perish" lines in OTL. The lower amount of casualties during the Great War means there is still a constant trickle of British emigrants to Canada, Australia & New Zealand, leading to higher then OTL populations though.
Devvy
Donor
No, but I guess it is on a bit of a hiatus.
Frankly I felt it was a bit lacking in the quality department, and I went away to research some more. Haven't got back to it yet.
Devvy
Donor
1943: William's uncle, Prince George, is appointed Governor-General of Australia. He quickly becomes popular in Australia, as he tours the Australian Forces in war-time, and visits northern air bases where pilots regularly engage with Japanese planes. He later promotes local culture and sporting interests cementing his popularity, and is rumoured to enjoy "a good barbecue".
In the east, the war in the Pacific shook the US into life, due to the events of Pearl Harbour. The United States would primarily focus it's efforts towards the Pacific, and mobilies it's forces, and ramps up war production. Replacements for the ships lost at Pearl Harbour are planned, large scale manoeuvres planned, and the whole efforts of a country are devoted to bringing Japan down. Japanese forces continue to go from strength to strength however, plunging into French Indochina and swiftly capturing it. That forces, keen to undo years of belittling by the major powers invades Cambodia. Despite some heroic defending by French forces intent on keeping their colonial empire intact while the homeland battles the Germans, Thailand forcefully (although unrecognised by France) annexes Cambodia. The Japanese, eyeing up a potential ally, swiftly recognises the Thai annexation. The Thai Government is not particularly swung however, mindful of the Commonwealth powers to the south; it congratulates Japan on it's hard fought victories in overturning colonial empires, but makes little effort to develop any special relationship with Japan, attempting to stay neutral. Despite the military victory, the domestic situation in Thailand is not particularly stable.
In Europe, fighting continues between France and Germany, with bombing on both sides. French diplomats quietly reach out to Italy, followed by Germany attempting to bring in Austria-Hungary. Buoyed by the grim situation and continual fighting which distracts attention, Bolshevik Russia forces move into Estonia & Latvia, citing "irregularities" in elections, and atrocities against Russians or communists. By the end of the year, new elections are held in both states, with both elections returning left-wing candidates to each countries legislatures; the speed at which Russia has effectively annexed the 2 Baltic States surprises all, and such lightning fast actions become known as a "Molnii move" in slang. At this point, the British eventually intervene; acting as a third party, Britain attempts to bring peace to the continent rather then let the situation further escalate. The British, while desiring a weak Europe from which to prosper overseas, does not want an overly weak Europe that is further susceptible to Bolshevik influence from Russia.
1944: A British-brokered ceasefire takes effect, while the France and Germany negotiate. Later in the year, France agrees to "sell" Rhineland back to Germany, on condition it is demilitarised. Germany agrees. Italy and Austria-Hungary agree to the peace; apart from some border scuffles, the war hasn't actually begun for either country. The Bolshevik Union (Russia et al) is now a greater threat then other; Germany, Poland & Austria-Hungary are all now rightfully worried about the awakening Russian bear to their east. German-Polish relations and interests rapidly converge in the light of the Bolshevik-Baltic annexation, and with Rhenish Unification, German attention can now turn east.
In north eastern Europe, Bolshevik Russia begins "referendums" in the Baltic states; each duly votes for union with Russia. The 2 states are merged into the existing "UBR" (United Bolshevik Republic), with the rest of the Bolshevik republics, an act which is generally unrecognised by most of the major nations. The actions, as well as those in the previous year, act as a further lightning rod in central Europe; secret German-Polish talks begin. Poland has no interest in becoming a Russian puppet once again, and Germany likes to have Poland as it's protective shield from Russia. Finnish worries over the Russian actions are duly proved correct, as Finland is asked to negotiate over it's border near Petrograd. The Finnish-Russian border is apparently to close for Russian security concerns.
The UK begins to turn back the tide. Operation Sea Lion is commenced to liberate Hong Kong in an audacious move, and slice Japanese supply lines in half between Japan and it's activities around Indonesia and Indochina. The invasion works; helped in no part by the enormous sea power projected by the British and Australian ships. The US is also now begins to project power from the east, and starting a strategy of "island hopping"; liberating the small Pacific Islands slowly but surely. With the US attacking Japan from the east, and the Commonwealth becoming increasingly dominant in the south following the early Japanese successes, the Japanese empire begins to shrink.
In India, the British finally grant their residual powers in British India to the Indian Parliament, recognising it's authority to rule independently. The act brings a great deal of soul searching in the United Kingdom; the British have been in India for a long time, however it is impossible to rule over such a well populated region without some support, unless resigning yourself to genocidal actions. On the upside, the British have their hands washed of the growing Muslim-Hindu divide growing in the region. Other British possession are detached from India; Aden and Burma, amongst others, become directly administered by the Colonial Office in London.
1945: The Treaty of Rotterdam concludes the European War, with Herman Muller (despite his domestic opposition) becoming known as the "man who stitched Germany back together". As Germany rejoices it's reunification however, Belgium fails to rise from it's ashes, due to accusations of Walloonia openly aiding the French, and Flanders seeking to not be involved at all. Language strife is at it's worst, and it becomes impossible to form a new Government following elections. Independent Norway formerly requests entry into the British Commonwealth, as a trading nation closely linked with the UK and no interest in European power politics. The Commonwealth tariffs against non-Commonwealth nations had heavily impacted Norway, leading to calls to deepen relations. The move, however, causes further debates in the Commonwealth then Norway; what is the Commonwealth, if more non-English speaking nations join in? The Norwegian application is swiftly followed by a Danish one, further intensifying the debate.
India finally gains full independence by revoking the monarchy, becoming a republic in the process, and begins to leave the Empire & Commonwealth, but begins to descend into a group of arguing states as Muslim/Hindu tensions rise. Years of seeking full Dominion status within the Commonwealth, which were ignored, leads India to a full departure from Empire and Commonwealth. It is a sobering moment for the United Kingdom as it's most visible colony leaves.
Closer relations between Germany and Poland means discussions begin over a closer treaty, especially with the threat of Russia looming large. Germany lays down an offer of recognising the current borders of Poland, in return for the cessation of Danzig to Germany (into East Prussia) and the ability for German-East Prussian transit without checks. The suggestion causes significant stirs in Germany, where many nationalists feel that Germany deserves a far greater chunk of Poland to be returned, or believe that Poland should always be Germany's vassal state. Likewise in Poland, many are wary of Germany, but with an awakening Russian bear to the east, many feel it may be a case of better the devil you know. Lithuania requests to join talks, however Germany lays down a prerequisite of the return of the Memel Territory; something that leaves Lithuania in a tight spot - surrender it's only ice-free Baltic port, or be frozen out of the German-Polish talks.
The Japanese are pushed back to the Home Islands as Japanese supplies dwindle, however the Allied forces are reluctant to invade due to the high cost in life it would take. Instead, a significant streak of bombing begins across industrial cities in Japan; Osaka, Kokura & Yokohama are to receive the brunt of constant bombing raids, designed to cripple the Japanese war machine, and make obvious the futility of further struggle.
The British send aid and armaments to Finland to help defend against the Russians, which is beginning to threaten British interests in Asia. Finland continues to hold of much of the Bolshevik attacks, but late in the year, a Bolshevik breakthrough begins the fall. Many Finnish begin to flee Finland, moving to Sweden, which experiences an immigration wave - particularly from the Finnish bourgeoisie, and Swedish-speaking Finns. Stockholm, in particular, just across the waves from Finland, receives the largest waves of Finnish people, despite many being moved along the coast to neighbouring towns to spread the load. Some Finnish found new towns in Sweden, the well known ones becoming Espoo, Aboo and Osterhus in later years.
1946: Finland falls to the Bolsheviks, who like the Baltics, swiftly hold new elections which under the circumstances predictably return communist representatives. The Finnish Bolshevik Republic is formed, which duly votes to unite with the UBR, which transfers most of Karelia into Finland in order to "unify" the people and simplify administration. Many Russian advisors move into Finland to aid the new Government, filling deserted homes, and forever changing the demography of Finland. The act, along with the mass-migration of Finns, has the consequence of shaking Sweden awake, and into abandoning it's long-held neutrality standpoint; a necessity now that Finland no longer acts as a de facto buffer state. Swedish politicians begin to discuss Danes and Norwegians about a Scandinavian block, although their application to the Commonwealth obviously provides some hurdles.
Japan eventually unconditionally surrenders, after a relentless bombing campaign across several of it's major cities with military infrastructure causes large fires decimating several Japanese cities. The Japanese Emperor is one of the biggest advocates for peace, much to the disappointment of the military. With the war dwindling down, and much of East Asia returning to normal (although the war has substantially weakened China, with a Russian-backed East Turkestan and independent Tibet unilaterally "leaving" China), the UK attention returns to domestic and Commonwealth matters. The UK, standardising it's electrical systems, adopts the Australian & New Zealand plug/socket system, and the system is later adopted as a Commonwealth standard, with almost all Commonwealth members adopting (Canada is a notable exception). The Commonwealth standard also includes standardising on 240v / 50Hz, up to 12amps (again Canada excepting), leading to a wide common market for electrical appliances.
Following the European War, and the second devastation of Paris in 40 years, many young people emigrate from France, leaving the war-time destruction and eager for new opportunities away from the ruins. Many head for the UK and Canada, where London and Montreal serving as the major focal points for immigrants. Likewise in the UK, an ever-growing population and crowded cities are leading to many more emigrating to Canada and Australia.
Belgium, however, politically crumbles with a Government impossible to form, and the Flems duly demanding to decide their own fate. Many Flemish politicians call for unification with the Dutch to the north, and a referendum seals the pact. The Netherlands for it's part, promised further freedom of religion rules, which would allow Catholics to worship as they choose, although they would not form the official state religion and Catholics would remain barred from the throne. In response, Walloonia voted for union with France (with some small areas going to Luxembourg), and the remaining Eupen-Malmedy - Belgium lands since the end of the First World War, was returned to Germany.
And finally, at the end of the year, Norway and Denmark accede to the Commonwealth Community. The "CommComm" now consists of: UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Newfoundland, Arabia, Norway, Denmark. The combined Commonwealth is one of the global leaders in research & development into greater communication methods; improvements to radio communications are to be heralded, and the UK is at the forefront of the new airplane designed for rapid global transport. The British "de Halley" company is one of the forefront companies, with ideas for a plane able to carry up to 40 passengers (of the equivalent of freight).
---------------------------------------
A 1946 round-up of the world:
UK: The UK continues to grow in population, by around 2-3million per decade.
1911: 45 million
1921: 48 million
1931: 51 million
1941: 53 million
1946 (estimated): 54 million
Reasonable numbers of UK residents are emigrating to Canada and Australia again due to overpopulation of the UK, bolstered by Europeans fleeing from the Franco-German war. The United Kingdom is formed of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland (usually just called Ulster), and Southern Ireland (both sections of Ireland now with their devolved administrations). The example of Ireland, as a British Home Nation within the UK with self government is a clear example to Scots, and the rising PC-Party (Progressive Caledonian Party) which pushes for a devolved administration for Scotland. Immigration is experiencing a mini-boom, especially in the south-east, due to many Europeans leaving their war-ridden European homes, and the Government is consulting on planning changes to London to limit the capital sprawl. Most are calling for the "Octopus Plan" - so called due to the 8 fingers that stretch out from London. In general, London would be constrained by a green belt around it, but with eight radial regions of development allowed, all along areas of public transport and other planned developments where excess population can reside.
France: Battered by wars, France is war weary, and a new guard of politicians is sweeping in to Government. They are not interested in holding old grudges against Germany, although they are definitely not pro-Germany. They just want to ignore it, and concentrate on the rejuvenation of France, which is losing many of it's African territories after it's European focus for many years. The addition of French-speaking Belgium to France brings with it the opportunity for an economic lift, as Walloonia contains much of the former Belgian industry. Trade and economic links, as well as a generally close acquaintance with the UK is forming the bedrock of French foreign policy, entitled under the "Special Relationship" or "Entente Speciale" as the French call it - a substantial closening since the former "Entente Cordiale" at the turn of the century. Nevertheless, large number of French have left France looking for a new life, with many travelling to London or Montreal.
Germany: German successes in foreign policy, namely the reunification of the Rhineland and Eupen-Malmedy have bolstered the German Government, although the Prussian influence is evident in all the strands of German Government. Many are unhappy with the Prussian dominance in the south however; a sizeable minority in Bavaria continues to push for independence, and the position of King of Bavaria reinstated for Rupprecht. Despite domestic muddles (somewhat similar to the last 3 years in OTL UK with Scotland), Germany and Poland are deepening their relations, with a growing Bolshevik threat to their east. The fall of the Baltic nations and Finland has only bolstered this, and German-Polish relations are now at an all-time high, which granted, is not saying much considering the low points the mutual relations have had. The diplomatic stance towards Lithuania, and demands for the Memel Territory are portrayed in Bavaria as those of Prussia using the weight of Germany to regain it's territories.
Austria-Hungary: After years of painful nation building following it's calamitous Great War performance, Austria-Hungary has reinvented itself as a federation of nations; frequently called the Danubian Federation. The entities of Tyrol, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and Illyria (chosen for non-use of Yugoslavia, and as a non-Croatian/Slovenian word) jointly form the federation under Emperor Charles I. The Habsburg family, serving as Archdukes, act as his de facto Viceroys on the various federal entities, with the Imperial Council sitting in Bratislava. Bratislava was the result of protracted negotiations between Austrian and Hungarian officials over the creation of a new federal Parliament; the Hungarians objected to it being situated in Austria, and the Austrians objected to it being too far from the Vienna, the seat of power. The phrase "Danubian", as a term for the citizens of Austria-Hungary, has become the politically neutral name preferred, often used by politicians and military personnel when attempting to be diplomatic. Reform had been long and hard; the creation of Tyrol and Slovakia, both from areas which Austria and Hungary would have historically considered home territory, were efforts to gain a political upper hand in the federal administration. The latest machinations involve Austria-Hungary tying up with Germany and Poland to become a tripartite anti-Russian pact; collective security hopefully.
Sweden: The Finnish capitulation, and subsequent mass-migration of Finns to Sweden, has catapulted foreign affairs to the front of the political agenda, in a nation where neutrality and avoidance of foreign entanglements had previously been the rule. The Swedish diplomatic suggestions of a renewal of Scandinavian ties with Denmark and Norway, have been met with cautious interest, although made clear that it will come as second priority to Commonwealth Community membership. The choice ahead of Sweden is clear; closer relations with either the Commonwealth (as per the rest of Scandinavia), or with Germany and Europe (as has historically been the case for Sweden).
Iceland: Iceland continues as part of the Union with Denmark; two sovereign states sharing the Danish diplomatic service and person as King (Christian X of Denmark / Kristjan X of Iceland). However, the growing independence movement in Iceland (closely tied to the republican movement), favouring overturning the Act of Union has some people a little nervous. Christian's part solution was to send his second son, Knud (Knutur in Icelandic), to act as his Viceroy in Iceland in 1940, in an attempt to "localise" the monarchy and stem attempts to abolish it.
Canada: Canada continues to grow; British immigrants (and others) generally entering Ontario (Toronto) or British Colombia (Vancouver). Many French immigrants are destined for Quebec (Montreal). All are bolstering the population. While the nation isn't anti-American, it seems that the country, as much as ever, defines itself as "not-American", going to lengths to ensure it isn't dominated by it's giant neighbour to the south. The influx of extra Brits in Canada seems likely to keep Canada Commonwealth-focussed for the future as well.
USA: The US, after generally sticking to quiet neutrality following the Great War, has been shaken out of it's slumber by Japan in the Pacific War. It's crushing of the Japanese effort has brought many the country out, and it now seems likely to oppose further Russian efforts in Asia and the Far East in a new version of the "Great Game". Although historically close to the Commonwealth, the USA now walks it's own line, and when interests match is happy to join Commonwealth actions, otherwise is happy to continue alone. The deteriorating situation in China seems the likely next playground for US-Russian meddling interests, as both try to score a foreign policy win over the other.
Australia: Buoyed by it's important role in the Pacific War, as the prime part of the Commonwealth actions along side the United Kingdom, Australia is enjoying a boom time of sorts. Immigration (particularly from the UK) is soaring, with not just the usual destinations of Sydney and Melbourne enjoying the influx. The free trade rules of the Commonwealth has aided the export of agricultural produce (along with New Zealand) to the UK and Canada, although the entry of Argentina has blunted this a bit, and forced Australia to diversify somewhat. A small, but growing, domestic industry is starting to make inroads into the market, usually dominated by British imports. There is also a small, but significant, stream of immigrants from the Far East as well now, notably Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore, taking advantage of the more racially tolerant immigration policies that are now in force. The situation of colonies under British control that are not direct signatories of the Commonwealth Community continues to be a grey area, one usually ignored by politicians due the complexity of the situation and the difficulty of reaching an agreement on such a subject. It means that people and goods from places such as Jamaica can usually enter the UK or Canada freely, but will encounter barriers into Argentina or South Africa.
Arabia: The first country, of widely non-British (and even non-white) race, to join the Commonwealth Community, is beginning to flourish. Ironically, despite the rise of the hostile Saudis to the south which has provided a clashing point for the Arabians on several occasions (notably the War of Hejaz, when the Saudis attempted to conquer Hejaz and the Islamic Holy Cities), it has provided a solidifying factor in the new nation. The Kingdom of Arabia, under Caliph Ali bin Hussein, now stretches from the Turkish borders in the north, to as far south as the British port of Aden. From the Mediterranean coast in the west, to the Persian Gulf in the east. The Saudi threat, most notable in seizing territory from Oman, and other attacks on Ottoman-successor states, led Kuwait and Yemen to fold into the greater Arabia (with a good level of devolved local administration). Since signing the Commonwealth charter and acceding to the Community, investment has poured into Arabia, transforming the nation into a prosperous one - despite it's roots as a series of Ottoman vassal states. As mentioned, oil is a big export, and the deteriorating situation in nationalist Egypt (which seems primed for a showdown with it's British masters) has led to many businesses investing in transport in Arabia as a Commonwealth alternative to the Suez Canal (Haifa - Aden links).
In the east, the war in the Pacific shook the US into life, due to the events of Pearl Harbour. The United States would primarily focus it's efforts towards the Pacific, and mobilies it's forces, and ramps up war production. Replacements for the ships lost at Pearl Harbour are planned, large scale manoeuvres planned, and the whole efforts of a country are devoted to bringing Japan down. Japanese forces continue to go from strength to strength however, plunging into French Indochina and swiftly capturing it. That forces, keen to undo years of belittling by the major powers invades Cambodia. Despite some heroic defending by French forces intent on keeping their colonial empire intact while the homeland battles the Germans, Thailand forcefully (although unrecognised by France) annexes Cambodia. The Japanese, eyeing up a potential ally, swiftly recognises the Thai annexation. The Thai Government is not particularly swung however, mindful of the Commonwealth powers to the south; it congratulates Japan on it's hard fought victories in overturning colonial empires, but makes little effort to develop any special relationship with Japan, attempting to stay neutral. Despite the military victory, the domestic situation in Thailand is not particularly stable.
In Europe, fighting continues between France and Germany, with bombing on both sides. French diplomats quietly reach out to Italy, followed by Germany attempting to bring in Austria-Hungary. Buoyed by the grim situation and continual fighting which distracts attention, Bolshevik Russia forces move into Estonia & Latvia, citing "irregularities" in elections, and atrocities against Russians or communists. By the end of the year, new elections are held in both states, with both elections returning left-wing candidates to each countries legislatures; the speed at which Russia has effectively annexed the 2 Baltic States surprises all, and such lightning fast actions become known as a "Molnii move" in slang. At this point, the British eventually intervene; acting as a third party, Britain attempts to bring peace to the continent rather then let the situation further escalate. The British, while desiring a weak Europe from which to prosper overseas, does not want an overly weak Europe that is further susceptible to Bolshevik influence from Russia.
1944: A British-brokered ceasefire takes effect, while the France and Germany negotiate. Later in the year, France agrees to "sell" Rhineland back to Germany, on condition it is demilitarised. Germany agrees. Italy and Austria-Hungary agree to the peace; apart from some border scuffles, the war hasn't actually begun for either country. The Bolshevik Union (Russia et al) is now a greater threat then other; Germany, Poland & Austria-Hungary are all now rightfully worried about the awakening Russian bear to their east. German-Polish relations and interests rapidly converge in the light of the Bolshevik-Baltic annexation, and with Rhenish Unification, German attention can now turn east.
In north eastern Europe, Bolshevik Russia begins "referendums" in the Baltic states; each duly votes for union with Russia. The 2 states are merged into the existing "UBR" (United Bolshevik Republic), with the rest of the Bolshevik republics, an act which is generally unrecognised by most of the major nations. The actions, as well as those in the previous year, act as a further lightning rod in central Europe; secret German-Polish talks begin. Poland has no interest in becoming a Russian puppet once again, and Germany likes to have Poland as it's protective shield from Russia. Finnish worries over the Russian actions are duly proved correct, as Finland is asked to negotiate over it's border near Petrograd. The Finnish-Russian border is apparently to close for Russian security concerns.
The UK begins to turn back the tide. Operation Sea Lion is commenced to liberate Hong Kong in an audacious move, and slice Japanese supply lines in half between Japan and it's activities around Indonesia and Indochina. The invasion works; helped in no part by the enormous sea power projected by the British and Australian ships. The US is also now begins to project power from the east, and starting a strategy of "island hopping"; liberating the small Pacific Islands slowly but surely. With the US attacking Japan from the east, and the Commonwealth becoming increasingly dominant in the south following the early Japanese successes, the Japanese empire begins to shrink.
In India, the British finally grant their residual powers in British India to the Indian Parliament, recognising it's authority to rule independently. The act brings a great deal of soul searching in the United Kingdom; the British have been in India for a long time, however it is impossible to rule over such a well populated region without some support, unless resigning yourself to genocidal actions. On the upside, the British have their hands washed of the growing Muslim-Hindu divide growing in the region. Other British possession are detached from India; Aden and Burma, amongst others, become directly administered by the Colonial Office in London.
1945: The Treaty of Rotterdam concludes the European War, with Herman Muller (despite his domestic opposition) becoming known as the "man who stitched Germany back together". As Germany rejoices it's reunification however, Belgium fails to rise from it's ashes, due to accusations of Walloonia openly aiding the French, and Flanders seeking to not be involved at all. Language strife is at it's worst, and it becomes impossible to form a new Government following elections. Independent Norway formerly requests entry into the British Commonwealth, as a trading nation closely linked with the UK and no interest in European power politics. The Commonwealth tariffs against non-Commonwealth nations had heavily impacted Norway, leading to calls to deepen relations. The move, however, causes further debates in the Commonwealth then Norway; what is the Commonwealth, if more non-English speaking nations join in? The Norwegian application is swiftly followed by a Danish one, further intensifying the debate.
India finally gains full independence by revoking the monarchy, becoming a republic in the process, and begins to leave the Empire & Commonwealth, but begins to descend into a group of arguing states as Muslim/Hindu tensions rise. Years of seeking full Dominion status within the Commonwealth, which were ignored, leads India to a full departure from Empire and Commonwealth. It is a sobering moment for the United Kingdom as it's most visible colony leaves.
Closer relations between Germany and Poland means discussions begin over a closer treaty, especially with the threat of Russia looming large. Germany lays down an offer of recognising the current borders of Poland, in return for the cessation of Danzig to Germany (into East Prussia) and the ability for German-East Prussian transit without checks. The suggestion causes significant stirs in Germany, where many nationalists feel that Germany deserves a far greater chunk of Poland to be returned, or believe that Poland should always be Germany's vassal state. Likewise in Poland, many are wary of Germany, but with an awakening Russian bear to the east, many feel it may be a case of better the devil you know. Lithuania requests to join talks, however Germany lays down a prerequisite of the return of the Memel Territory; something that leaves Lithuania in a tight spot - surrender it's only ice-free Baltic port, or be frozen out of the German-Polish talks.
The Japanese are pushed back to the Home Islands as Japanese supplies dwindle, however the Allied forces are reluctant to invade due to the high cost in life it would take. Instead, a significant streak of bombing begins across industrial cities in Japan; Osaka, Kokura & Yokohama are to receive the brunt of constant bombing raids, designed to cripple the Japanese war machine, and make obvious the futility of further struggle.
The British send aid and armaments to Finland to help defend against the Russians, which is beginning to threaten British interests in Asia. Finland continues to hold of much of the Bolshevik attacks, but late in the year, a Bolshevik breakthrough begins the fall. Many Finnish begin to flee Finland, moving to Sweden, which experiences an immigration wave - particularly from the Finnish bourgeoisie, and Swedish-speaking Finns. Stockholm, in particular, just across the waves from Finland, receives the largest waves of Finnish people, despite many being moved along the coast to neighbouring towns to spread the load. Some Finnish found new towns in Sweden, the well known ones becoming Espoo, Aboo and Osterhus in later years.
1946: Finland falls to the Bolsheviks, who like the Baltics, swiftly hold new elections which under the circumstances predictably return communist representatives. The Finnish Bolshevik Republic is formed, which duly votes to unite with the UBR, which transfers most of Karelia into Finland in order to "unify" the people and simplify administration. Many Russian advisors move into Finland to aid the new Government, filling deserted homes, and forever changing the demography of Finland. The act, along with the mass-migration of Finns, has the consequence of shaking Sweden awake, and into abandoning it's long-held neutrality standpoint; a necessity now that Finland no longer acts as a de facto buffer state. Swedish politicians begin to discuss Danes and Norwegians about a Scandinavian block, although their application to the Commonwealth obviously provides some hurdles.
Japan eventually unconditionally surrenders, after a relentless bombing campaign across several of it's major cities with military infrastructure causes large fires decimating several Japanese cities. The Japanese Emperor is one of the biggest advocates for peace, much to the disappointment of the military. With the war dwindling down, and much of East Asia returning to normal (although the war has substantially weakened China, with a Russian-backed East Turkestan and independent Tibet unilaterally "leaving" China), the UK attention returns to domestic and Commonwealth matters. The UK, standardising it's electrical systems, adopts the Australian & New Zealand plug/socket system, and the system is later adopted as a Commonwealth standard, with almost all Commonwealth members adopting (Canada is a notable exception). The Commonwealth standard also includes standardising on 240v / 50Hz, up to 12amps (again Canada excepting), leading to a wide common market for electrical appliances.
Following the European War, and the second devastation of Paris in 40 years, many young people emigrate from France, leaving the war-time destruction and eager for new opportunities away from the ruins. Many head for the UK and Canada, where London and Montreal serving as the major focal points for immigrants. Likewise in the UK, an ever-growing population and crowded cities are leading to many more emigrating to Canada and Australia.
Belgium, however, politically crumbles with a Government impossible to form, and the Flems duly demanding to decide their own fate. Many Flemish politicians call for unification with the Dutch to the north, and a referendum seals the pact. The Netherlands for it's part, promised further freedom of religion rules, which would allow Catholics to worship as they choose, although they would not form the official state religion and Catholics would remain barred from the throne. In response, Walloonia voted for union with France (with some small areas going to Luxembourg), and the remaining Eupen-Malmedy - Belgium lands since the end of the First World War, was returned to Germany.
And finally, at the end of the year, Norway and Denmark accede to the Commonwealth Community. The "CommComm" now consists of: UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Newfoundland, Arabia, Norway, Denmark. The combined Commonwealth is one of the global leaders in research & development into greater communication methods; improvements to radio communications are to be heralded, and the UK is at the forefront of the new airplane designed for rapid global transport. The British "de Halley" company is one of the forefront companies, with ideas for a plane able to carry up to 40 passengers (of the equivalent of freight).
---------------------------------------
A 1946 round-up of the world:
UK: The UK continues to grow in population, by around 2-3million per decade.
1911: 45 million
1921: 48 million
1931: 51 million
1941: 53 million
1946 (estimated): 54 million
Reasonable numbers of UK residents are emigrating to Canada and Australia again due to overpopulation of the UK, bolstered by Europeans fleeing from the Franco-German war. The United Kingdom is formed of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland (usually just called Ulster), and Southern Ireland (both sections of Ireland now with their devolved administrations). The example of Ireland, as a British Home Nation within the UK with self government is a clear example to Scots, and the rising PC-Party (Progressive Caledonian Party) which pushes for a devolved administration for Scotland. Immigration is experiencing a mini-boom, especially in the south-east, due to many Europeans leaving their war-ridden European homes, and the Government is consulting on planning changes to London to limit the capital sprawl. Most are calling for the "Octopus Plan" - so called due to the 8 fingers that stretch out from London. In general, London would be constrained by a green belt around it, but with eight radial regions of development allowed, all along areas of public transport and other planned developments where excess population can reside.
France: Battered by wars, France is war weary, and a new guard of politicians is sweeping in to Government. They are not interested in holding old grudges against Germany, although they are definitely not pro-Germany. They just want to ignore it, and concentrate on the rejuvenation of France, which is losing many of it's African territories after it's European focus for many years. The addition of French-speaking Belgium to France brings with it the opportunity for an economic lift, as Walloonia contains much of the former Belgian industry. Trade and economic links, as well as a generally close acquaintance with the UK is forming the bedrock of French foreign policy, entitled under the "Special Relationship" or "Entente Speciale" as the French call it - a substantial closening since the former "Entente Cordiale" at the turn of the century. Nevertheless, large number of French have left France looking for a new life, with many travelling to London or Montreal.
Germany: German successes in foreign policy, namely the reunification of the Rhineland and Eupen-Malmedy have bolstered the German Government, although the Prussian influence is evident in all the strands of German Government. Many are unhappy with the Prussian dominance in the south however; a sizeable minority in Bavaria continues to push for independence, and the position of King of Bavaria reinstated for Rupprecht. Despite domestic muddles (somewhat similar to the last 3 years in OTL UK with Scotland), Germany and Poland are deepening their relations, with a growing Bolshevik threat to their east. The fall of the Baltic nations and Finland has only bolstered this, and German-Polish relations are now at an all-time high, which granted, is not saying much considering the low points the mutual relations have had. The diplomatic stance towards Lithuania, and demands for the Memel Territory are portrayed in Bavaria as those of Prussia using the weight of Germany to regain it's territories.
Austria-Hungary: After years of painful nation building following it's calamitous Great War performance, Austria-Hungary has reinvented itself as a federation of nations; frequently called the Danubian Federation. The entities of Tyrol, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and Illyria (chosen for non-use of Yugoslavia, and as a non-Croatian/Slovenian word) jointly form the federation under Emperor Charles I. The Habsburg family, serving as Archdukes, act as his de facto Viceroys on the various federal entities, with the Imperial Council sitting in Bratislava. Bratislava was the result of protracted negotiations between Austrian and Hungarian officials over the creation of a new federal Parliament; the Hungarians objected to it being situated in Austria, and the Austrians objected to it being too far from the Vienna, the seat of power. The phrase "Danubian", as a term for the citizens of Austria-Hungary, has become the politically neutral name preferred, often used by politicians and military personnel when attempting to be diplomatic. Reform had been long and hard; the creation of Tyrol and Slovakia, both from areas which Austria and Hungary would have historically considered home territory, were efforts to gain a political upper hand in the federal administration. The latest machinations involve Austria-Hungary tying up with Germany and Poland to become a tripartite anti-Russian pact; collective security hopefully.
Sweden: The Finnish capitulation, and subsequent mass-migration of Finns to Sweden, has catapulted foreign affairs to the front of the political agenda, in a nation where neutrality and avoidance of foreign entanglements had previously been the rule. The Swedish diplomatic suggestions of a renewal of Scandinavian ties with Denmark and Norway, have been met with cautious interest, although made clear that it will come as second priority to Commonwealth Community membership. The choice ahead of Sweden is clear; closer relations with either the Commonwealth (as per the rest of Scandinavia), or with Germany and Europe (as has historically been the case for Sweden).
Iceland: Iceland continues as part of the Union with Denmark; two sovereign states sharing the Danish diplomatic service and person as King (Christian X of Denmark / Kristjan X of Iceland). However, the growing independence movement in Iceland (closely tied to the republican movement), favouring overturning the Act of Union has some people a little nervous. Christian's part solution was to send his second son, Knud (Knutur in Icelandic), to act as his Viceroy in Iceland in 1940, in an attempt to "localise" the monarchy and stem attempts to abolish it.
Canada: Canada continues to grow; British immigrants (and others) generally entering Ontario (Toronto) or British Colombia (Vancouver). Many French immigrants are destined for Quebec (Montreal). All are bolstering the population. While the nation isn't anti-American, it seems that the country, as much as ever, defines itself as "not-American", going to lengths to ensure it isn't dominated by it's giant neighbour to the south. The influx of extra Brits in Canada seems likely to keep Canada Commonwealth-focussed for the future as well.
USA: The US, after generally sticking to quiet neutrality following the Great War, has been shaken out of it's slumber by Japan in the Pacific War. It's crushing of the Japanese effort has brought many the country out, and it now seems likely to oppose further Russian efforts in Asia and the Far East in a new version of the "Great Game". Although historically close to the Commonwealth, the USA now walks it's own line, and when interests match is happy to join Commonwealth actions, otherwise is happy to continue alone. The deteriorating situation in China seems the likely next playground for US-Russian meddling interests, as both try to score a foreign policy win over the other.
Australia: Buoyed by it's important role in the Pacific War, as the prime part of the Commonwealth actions along side the United Kingdom, Australia is enjoying a boom time of sorts. Immigration (particularly from the UK) is soaring, with not just the usual destinations of Sydney and Melbourne enjoying the influx. The free trade rules of the Commonwealth has aided the export of agricultural produce (along with New Zealand) to the UK and Canada, although the entry of Argentina has blunted this a bit, and forced Australia to diversify somewhat. A small, but growing, domestic industry is starting to make inroads into the market, usually dominated by British imports. There is also a small, but significant, stream of immigrants from the Far East as well now, notably Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore, taking advantage of the more racially tolerant immigration policies that are now in force. The situation of colonies under British control that are not direct signatories of the Commonwealth Community continues to be a grey area, one usually ignored by politicians due the complexity of the situation and the difficulty of reaching an agreement on such a subject. It means that people and goods from places such as Jamaica can usually enter the UK or Canada freely, but will encounter barriers into Argentina or South Africa.
Arabia: The first country, of widely non-British (and even non-white) race, to join the Commonwealth Community, is beginning to flourish. Ironically, despite the rise of the hostile Saudis to the south which has provided a clashing point for the Arabians on several occasions (notably the War of Hejaz, when the Saudis attempted to conquer Hejaz and the Islamic Holy Cities), it has provided a solidifying factor in the new nation. The Kingdom of Arabia, under Caliph Ali bin Hussein, now stretches from the Turkish borders in the north, to as far south as the British port of Aden. From the Mediterranean coast in the west, to the Persian Gulf in the east. The Saudi threat, most notable in seizing territory from Oman, and other attacks on Ottoman-successor states, led Kuwait and Yemen to fold into the greater Arabia (with a good level of devolved local administration). Since signing the Commonwealth charter and acceding to the Community, investment has poured into Arabia, transforming the nation into a prosperous one - despite it's roots as a series of Ottoman vassal states. As mentioned, oil is a big export, and the deteriorating situation in nationalist Egypt (which seems primed for a showdown with it's British masters) has led to many businesses investing in transport in Arabia as a Commonwealth alternative to the Suez Canal (Haifa - Aden links).
Devvy
Donor
Sorry; something missed a draft cut at some point!
I had the Baltic Principality coming out of the *WW1, and then fracturing into Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, in part as a result of a *Polish-Russian war. Estonia and Lithuania are going to have different policies, and the three drift apart before ditching the Baltic Principality; they hardly have much in common anyway.
Devvy
Donor
OTL, the Finnish managed to largely fend off the Soviets because of a) the weather, and b) poor Soviet strategy. In part because of the Purge, less experienced commanders were in charge of the Soviet forces, which meant that poor strategies were used, and the soldiers were not well equipped for the winter weather in Finland.
OTL, the Soviets had somewhere around twice as many men, and thousands of tanks (against 30ish Finnish tanks).
Here, there is no Stalin, and I'd see a less brutal Bolshevik leadership. Yes, it's a one party state. Yes, there is a secret police keeping tabs on people. But there aren't such massive purges of society. Because of this, there are more competent commanders in charge of the Bolshevik forces, and with twice as many soldiers, it's a matter of time until Finland is overrun. The Brits can supply aid and armaments, but I can't see them putting soldiers on the ground to make a difference; they have their own war in the far east to handle anyway.
Devvy
Donor
1947: Referendums held in the Nordic accession states (Denmark and Norway) affirm their accession to the Commonwealth, making them full blown members; accepting King William as the head of the Commonwealth, without bestowing him any constitutional role in either nation. King William embarks on a foreign trip to Norway, followed by Denmark in order to welcome the nations into the Commonwealth fold, visiting Oslo and Copenhagen, travelling between the two via Stockholm, meeting the Swedish King to discuss mutual matters of concern. While in Oslo, William attends several events and is noticed to be very friendly terms with Princess Ragnhild, the youngest daughter of Norwegian King. The friendship is commented upon by the press, but not widely reported.
In Sweden, following William's short visit, the debate continues regarding the future foreign policy of the nation. Many are concerned about the arrival of Bolsheviks on the borders of Sweden, and see little way to preserve neutrality while such a powerful, and historic, rival sits across the Gulf of Bothnia, having swept away Finnish resistance. The customs barrier to Swedish goods bound for Norway and Denmark is also of concern; Swedish goods are now subject to the Commonwealth 12-15% tariff on imports. On the European side, Germany (Sweden's long term friend in it's anti-Russian posture; the clearest example of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend") has little ability to support Sweden if a war was to start. Danish-Swedish-Norwegian discussions begin, over the renewal of some form of Scandinavianism. A later agreement is to study the resumption of a mutual currency, as was realised until 1914, only 33 years ago.
Escalating defence costs, and especially differences in standards, and the widening role of Canada and Australia besides the UK in maintaining stability and order led to other advances. The UK, Canada, Australia, Norway and Denmark became the first signatories of the CASCO; the Commonwealth Allied Standards & Command Organisation. The CASCO signatories would take steps to standardise a lot of military regulations to make co-operation and joint procurement easier; ie. standardised guns and ammunition. It also allows for the forces to work closer together with joint command structures to ease mutual defence. New Zealand & Newfoundland would sign up later that year in order to ease procurement, with prices expected to fall due to economies of scale in producing larger batches of weapons rather then differing standards.
1948: Late 1948 captures most of the headlines; the King of Britain, and the Head of the Commonwealth, King William announced his engagement to the Norwegian princess Princess Ragnhild. The pair had struck up quite the romance over the previous almost 2 years, after meeting her at a Commonwealth event in London, and then again in Norway. She is a distant cousin of William, sharing "royal blood", and the match is met with wide approval, both in royal and public circles. The press takes quickly to her, with her already fluent knowledge of English. Many comment on her traditional "Viking looks"; tall, blonde hair, blue eyes - a striking figure. Jokes echo around public circles about poetic justice - a thousand years ago, Vikings from Norway raided northern England and sailed off with many women after all.
In South America, Argentina's trade with the Commonwealth has swollen since it's accession to the Commonwealth, and also has a visible British minority - particularly in Patagonia where the climate is remarkably similar to the UK in many areas. Argentina, despite the immediate language barrier, is rapidly becoming the "4th pillar" of the Commonwealth, alongside the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. Although the official language, Spanish, is the language of choice in Argentina, English is widely taught and often understood due to the presence of the British minority. Although some Argentines feel discomfort over the level of British involvement in the Argentine economy, the booming export market into other Commonwealth nations has quietened much of the dissent; exports of frozen beef were booming to the UK, as well as wool products originating from the Patagonia sheep herds. The Commonwealth had become one of the biggest food exporters in the world; central Europe was a large export destination. Over the Argentine border, on the other side of the southern Andes mountain range, Chile switches to driving on the left side of the road, to match Argentina's stance, and make it easier to import/export items despite the 12-15% tariff.
Following the departure of India from the British Empire, and the Commonwealth, government policy shifted. The "Racial Reverse" as some politicians named it, saw several areas of the British Colonial Empire clamouring for self-government. The African and Far Eastern regions dominated the conversion; political discussion rapidly turned to how to embrace these burgeoning nations and keep them within the Commonwealth. The nations of South Rhodesia and South Africa held resistant against any notion of equality however, and appeared to be a ticking time bomb in Commonwealth racial relations.
In the United Kingdom, the Madcliffe Commission begins. It is tasked with reporting back on whether changes to local government are needed. The Commission analysis is also to somewhat controversially include both Irish jurisdictions; Westminster's belief is that the Irish have not had the power to reform local government devolved to them (the power to reform the structure of local government had not been mentioned in legislation at all up to this point). Critics point to the origins of the Irish Parliament, that it should be accountable for "all purely domestic legislation". Advocates point out to a desire to keep the structure the same across the entire UK, and that the structure of government is not a "purely domestic" affair given both Irish Parliaments desire for some cross-border harmonies, particularly with regards to transport.
1949: King Christian X of Denmark and Iceland dies; a monarch primarily remembered for his role in the Easter Crisis. Frederick IX came the throne in Denmark, however Iceland was to use the transition to announce the abandonment of the Danish-Icelandic Act of Union, and take on full powers itself. The mandated three-year transition period would be honoured, along with a referendum, but in the meantime, the Icelandic Althing granted powers to Prince Knutur as the Regent of Iceland - a controversial move in Denmark, but one that was respected under Iceland's right to it's self government. The Icelandic Government announced it's immediate intention to apply for Commonwealth membership under it's own name as soon as possible; much of it's fish-based export market lay upon the United Kingdom, Denmark & Norway - an export market that would dry up if 12-15% tariffs were to be introduced on Icelandic goods.
In August, William and Ragnhild married in Westminster Abbey, with her unofficially adopting the public nickname of "Queen Hilda". The wedding is a moment of international significance, as the King marries. It is a cause for celebration across much of the British Empire, as well as Denmak and Norway in the Nordic states from where Ragnhild has close connections. After the pain of his father and grandfather dying before he was even 15 years old, and the heavy burden of acceding to one of the most influential positions in the world, the story of William and Ragnhild seems like a fairy tale.
Elsewhere in Europe, the European talk were now expanded to 5-way talks on a mutual defence clause, after Lithuania ceded the Memel Territory back to Germany in order to join the talks. After the Bolshevik annexation of Finland, Estonia and Latvia, eyes were on Lithuania which would have granted the Bolshevik Navy a Baltic ice free port - the Lithuanians by themselves would have been no match for the combined Bolshevik forces. The Netherlands, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Poland and Lithuania now begin talks upon a mutual defence pact, in order to keep the Bolsheviks at bay. Inspired by the Commonwealth, the nations also begin to explore a closer economic bond.
Arabia continued to cash in with it's oil; many British, Canadian & Australian companies were involved in and profited from the oil wells. The Commonwealth free trade ensured that the oil market was quickly prosperous with oil easily flowing to a wide and booming Commonwealth market. The market for cars was expanding at a phenomenal rate, creating bigger and bigger markets for oil around the world.
In Africa, further moves towards self-Government progressed. The increasingly independent minded Egypt continued towards it's own ends; seeing the steps Egyptians were taking meant some other hard decisions towards the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By the end of the year, negotiations had achieved a result; the division of Sudan. Privately, British interests did not want a unified Sudan falling under Egyptian influence - better to split it and keep the south as part of the growing East Africa region under British domination. The north of Sudan would be unified with Egypt within 6 years, with the south retaining the name "Sudan".
In Sweden, following William's short visit, the debate continues regarding the future foreign policy of the nation. Many are concerned about the arrival of Bolsheviks on the borders of Sweden, and see little way to preserve neutrality while such a powerful, and historic, rival sits across the Gulf of Bothnia, having swept away Finnish resistance. The customs barrier to Swedish goods bound for Norway and Denmark is also of concern; Swedish goods are now subject to the Commonwealth 12-15% tariff on imports. On the European side, Germany (Sweden's long term friend in it's anti-Russian posture; the clearest example of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend") has little ability to support Sweden if a war was to start. Danish-Swedish-Norwegian discussions begin, over the renewal of some form of Scandinavianism. A later agreement is to study the resumption of a mutual currency, as was realised until 1914, only 33 years ago.
Escalating defence costs, and especially differences in standards, and the widening role of Canada and Australia besides the UK in maintaining stability and order led to other advances. The UK, Canada, Australia, Norway and Denmark became the first signatories of the CASCO; the Commonwealth Allied Standards & Command Organisation. The CASCO signatories would take steps to standardise a lot of military regulations to make co-operation and joint procurement easier; ie. standardised guns and ammunition. It also allows for the forces to work closer together with joint command structures to ease mutual defence. New Zealand & Newfoundland would sign up later that year in order to ease procurement, with prices expected to fall due to economies of scale in producing larger batches of weapons rather then differing standards.
1948: Late 1948 captures most of the headlines; the King of Britain, and the Head of the Commonwealth, King William announced his engagement to the Norwegian princess Princess Ragnhild. The pair had struck up quite the romance over the previous almost 2 years, after meeting her at a Commonwealth event in London, and then again in Norway. She is a distant cousin of William, sharing "royal blood", and the match is met with wide approval, both in royal and public circles. The press takes quickly to her, with her already fluent knowledge of English. Many comment on her traditional "Viking looks"; tall, blonde hair, blue eyes - a striking figure. Jokes echo around public circles about poetic justice - a thousand years ago, Vikings from Norway raided northern England and sailed off with many women after all.
In South America, Argentina's trade with the Commonwealth has swollen since it's accession to the Commonwealth, and also has a visible British minority - particularly in Patagonia where the climate is remarkably similar to the UK in many areas. Argentina, despite the immediate language barrier, is rapidly becoming the "4th pillar" of the Commonwealth, alongside the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. Although the official language, Spanish, is the language of choice in Argentina, English is widely taught and often understood due to the presence of the British minority. Although some Argentines feel discomfort over the level of British involvement in the Argentine economy, the booming export market into other Commonwealth nations has quietened much of the dissent; exports of frozen beef were booming to the UK, as well as wool products originating from the Patagonia sheep herds. The Commonwealth had become one of the biggest food exporters in the world; central Europe was a large export destination. Over the Argentine border, on the other side of the southern Andes mountain range, Chile switches to driving on the left side of the road, to match Argentina's stance, and make it easier to import/export items despite the 12-15% tariff.
Following the departure of India from the British Empire, and the Commonwealth, government policy shifted. The "Racial Reverse" as some politicians named it, saw several areas of the British Colonial Empire clamouring for self-government. The African and Far Eastern regions dominated the conversion; political discussion rapidly turned to how to embrace these burgeoning nations and keep them within the Commonwealth. The nations of South Rhodesia and South Africa held resistant against any notion of equality however, and appeared to be a ticking time bomb in Commonwealth racial relations.
In the United Kingdom, the Madcliffe Commission begins. It is tasked with reporting back on whether changes to local government are needed. The Commission analysis is also to somewhat controversially include both Irish jurisdictions; Westminster's belief is that the Irish have not had the power to reform local government devolved to them (the power to reform the structure of local government had not been mentioned in legislation at all up to this point). Critics point to the origins of the Irish Parliament, that it should be accountable for "all purely domestic legislation". Advocates point out to a desire to keep the structure the same across the entire UK, and that the structure of government is not a "purely domestic" affair given both Irish Parliaments desire for some cross-border harmonies, particularly with regards to transport.
1949: King Christian X of Denmark and Iceland dies; a monarch primarily remembered for his role in the Easter Crisis. Frederick IX came the throne in Denmark, however Iceland was to use the transition to announce the abandonment of the Danish-Icelandic Act of Union, and take on full powers itself. The mandated three-year transition period would be honoured, along with a referendum, but in the meantime, the Icelandic Althing granted powers to Prince Knutur as the Regent of Iceland - a controversial move in Denmark, but one that was respected under Iceland's right to it's self government. The Icelandic Government announced it's immediate intention to apply for Commonwealth membership under it's own name as soon as possible; much of it's fish-based export market lay upon the United Kingdom, Denmark & Norway - an export market that would dry up if 12-15% tariffs were to be introduced on Icelandic goods.
In August, William and Ragnhild married in Westminster Abbey, with her unofficially adopting the public nickname of "Queen Hilda". The wedding is a moment of international significance, as the King marries. It is a cause for celebration across much of the British Empire, as well as Denmak and Norway in the Nordic states from where Ragnhild has close connections. After the pain of his father and grandfather dying before he was even 15 years old, and the heavy burden of acceding to one of the most influential positions in the world, the story of William and Ragnhild seems like a fairy tale.
Elsewhere in Europe, the European talk were now expanded to 5-way talks on a mutual defence clause, after Lithuania ceded the Memel Territory back to Germany in order to join the talks. After the Bolshevik annexation of Finland, Estonia and Latvia, eyes were on Lithuania which would have granted the Bolshevik Navy a Baltic ice free port - the Lithuanians by themselves would have been no match for the combined Bolshevik forces. The Netherlands, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Poland and Lithuania now begin talks upon a mutual defence pact, in order to keep the Bolsheviks at bay. Inspired by the Commonwealth, the nations also begin to explore a closer economic bond.
Arabia continued to cash in with it's oil; many British, Canadian & Australian companies were involved in and profited from the oil wells. The Commonwealth free trade ensured that the oil market was quickly prosperous with oil easily flowing to a wide and booming Commonwealth market. The market for cars was expanding at a phenomenal rate, creating bigger and bigger markets for oil around the world.
In Africa, further moves towards self-Government progressed. The increasingly independent minded Egypt continued towards it's own ends; seeing the steps Egyptians were taking meant some other hard decisions towards the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By the end of the year, negotiations had achieved a result; the division of Sudan. Privately, British interests did not want a unified Sudan falling under Egyptian influence - better to split it and keep the south as part of the growing East Africa region under British domination. The north of Sudan would be unified with Egypt within 6 years, with the south retaining the name "Sudan".
Devvy, continue the timeline to 2014. I would like to see how Argentina fare well with this stronger Commonwealth.
Devvy
Donor
1950: With Finland, Estonia & Latvia becoming increasingly dominated by the Russian masters, and harsh political repressions becoming widely reported in the European nations, the Treaty of Prague is signed. It is widely inspired by the British-centred Commonwealth, and is signed by the Netherlands, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Poland and Lithuania to form a "European Community", with free movement of goods, money and people between the signatories, as well as establishing an alliance and mutual defence pact between all. German-Polish antipathy plays a large part in the struggle to pass the Treaty in all nations, but with UBR increasingly forcefully integrating the Baltic states, the Treaty of Prague seems the best option available. With the cessation of Danzig back to German East Prussia, and German recognition of Polish territory, there is little real struggle between the two. Although Poland fears German economic domination, it seems a better bet then Russian annexation in the face of the Soviet military front, and thus the move eventually passes through the Polish Parliament.
With the Newfoundland economy continuing to struggle through the 1940s, despite solid performance in the British and Canadian economies, Newfoundland eventually votes to become a province within Canada, and proceeds to join the Confederation. The actions open questions about further integration of British territories, namely those in the Carribean. Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Turks & Caicos Islands are all propositioned by both British and Canadian Governments for transfer. The British also begin early work to establish a Caribbean "group" of Jamaica, Cayman Islands & Belize, and the Antilles "group" of the eastern British Caribbean islands (ie. Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, St Lucia, Montserrat). The two groups are intended to pave the way towards eventual federation of the small islands.
In the Nordic world, the continuing cultural transfer from the UK across the North Sea leads to Denmark and Norway creating official governing bodies for Rugby Union, with a smaller presence of Rugby League. The Nordic movement continues to grow; Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland all reach a broad agreement on a "Nordic Krone", although initial movements will solely see them bringing their currencies into stable values against each other. The internal debate in Sweden over it's foreign policy ends with the latest general election; the Swedish SDP party, advocating further pan-Nordic links and entry into the Commonwealth becomes the largest party in the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament). Sweden formally submits it's application to join the Commonwealth, however the application begins a process of overhaul in the Commonwealth. With decisions historically taken by mutual respect and unanimity, the entry of several "smaller" states continues to make reaching agreement difficult. Calls from all 4 of the Commonwealth "Giants" (the UK, Canada, Australia & Argentina) call for entry for Sweden - and Iceland who applied last year, but with a single Commonwealth representative for the Nordic block. A single representative would keep the Commonwealth meetings small and focussed, and allow a single powerful voice rather then 4 fragmented voices.
A Royal Commission is established by the British Government ("The Royal Commission on the Commonwealth"), with the support of Canada, Australia & Argentina, and much of the rest of the Commonwealth into the future structure of the Community. It is mandated to suggest reform to accommodate the growing membership of the Community, and what the membership requirements should be for future applicants. Many in the higher echelons of British society are beginning to question whether the Commonwealth is still "British" or not, with the entry of several non-British nations over the previous few decades.
1951: East African High Commission comes into being, with a single Commission for the region encompassing Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zanzibar. British intentions are to, like the Caribbean groups, pave the way towards an eventual East African Federation. The single High Commission provided for a customs union between the five territories - largely an administrative simplification, as free trade existed between them anyway. Internally, it provided for a common currency, postage, transport, communications, research and education - a massive initiative across the Swahili region, with English & Swahili as official languages across the region, with Luganda additionally widely used in Uganda and some areas of Sudan.
King William's uncle Prince Henry is asked to be Governor-General of Canada, at William's urging, following the Australian model. He quickly makes a name for himself, following Prince George's example, by embracing the Canadian culture, and is a well respected lacrosse player (the Canadian "Henry Cup" in lacrosse is named for him). He would also become well known for joining Canadian Military ventures in the Arctic north of the country, and this marked all of the big three Dominion countries headed up in some form by a member of the Royal Family.
Back in the UK, the Madcliffe Commission filed it's report, and submitted it's conclusions to Government. It recommended the division of powers into "personal/household" services, and "regional/strategic" services. The first would be covered by a large amount of unitary councils, offering all local services, based upon small regions of roughly between 250,000 and 1,000,000 residents. They would not stretch over the "historic county" borders, leading to names such as "Eastern Kent", "Southern Cork", "West Lothian" and "North Lancashire", and would have groups of unitary councils (roughly correlating to those within several historic counties) grouped into "provinces" (although the Southern Irish, Scots and Welsh all rejected any notion of division of their nations, the report actually only advocated provinces in England). The report was largely backed by the Government of the time, although it created significant backlash from many of the rural Conservative councils.
Reaction in Southern Ireland was mixed, where the report largely recommended retaining the traditional counties of Ireland as the unitary authorities due to the lower population in Ireland, with the 3 traditional Irish Provinces maintained as the strategic authorities. Many felt it was an unwarranted intrusion into Irish affairs by Westminster; a negotiated truce at the end of the year saw the Southern Irish Government accept the conclusions of the Madcliffe Report, but proceeding with it internally as a measure by the Southern Irish Parliament, as a statement of it's own power over it's domestic destiny. It would mark the start of the regular "National Council", as a meeting between the British Prime Minister, and the leaders of the devolved regions (the Southern Irish Premier and Northern Irish Premier) in an attempt to maintain unity over certain devolved matters.
The Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is founded by the BBC, CBC and ABC, as an associated news agency owned jointly. It provides a joint platform for international reporting in all three (UK, Canada & Australia), with CBC covering the Americas, BBC covering Europe, Africa & western Asia, and the ABC covering eastern Asia and Oceania. The association would drive forward global journalism, and the split in coverage meant that events could be largely covered in real time in their own time zones, without requiring significant staffing during night time hours.
1952: The "Royal Commission on the Commonwealth" delivers it's report. It recommends the establishment of a "Joint Standing Commonwealth Committee" at the international level to act as a quasi Commonwealth "Government"; it would comprise of a member from each country (some collectively). Each member would be the Minister for the Commonwealth in their domestic Government, thereby maintaining a strong domestic governmental link, although annually one JSCC meeting would be attended by the Heads of Government as well. With more questions over domestic affairs possibly breaching rules over the Commonwealth free market, and distortion of competition, it is also recommended for a joint "Commonwealth Constitutional Court". This would be staffed by a range of senior judges, one from each state (some collectively again), with several judges sitting on each case.
In terms of membership, the report would recommend that new applicants should have a "significant link; historically, culturally or economically" with existing members, be a functioning democracy, respect the rule of law and international law as well as development of all members as "sovereign nations in partnership", thereby rejecting any notion of de jure supra-nationalism. It marked a change in the Commonwealth, as it continued to evolve from a "British Commonwealth", to a "Commonwealth Community....with Britain as primus inter pares". As an international group with no legislative process, the recommendations of the Commission were enacted by the heads of Government of the signatories, with Sweden & Iceland brought into the Commonwealth.
In the Pacific, an unwritten understanding between the UK and the USA meant that the US controlled much of the Pacific Ocean that was north of the equator, as far west as newly independent Indonesia. South of the equator would be British / Commonwealth. The result was that the British and allies paid little attention to matter that occurred to the north of the South China Sea, now that much of Japan was operating as a de facto US territory. The British (and US) sold weaponry and armaments to the Republic of China, who was rapidly being pressed back by Chinese communist rebels, and the region would rapidly morph into the playground of the oncoming Cold War between the USA and Russia, with the Commonwealth as a 3rd power largely on the side of the US in terms of East Asian policy (which was about the limit of their co-operation - the US had no intention of joining the Commonwealth in any regard, and the UK had no intention of letting it upset the British influence over the Commonwealth).
The Commonwealth now consists of: the United Kingdom, the Nordic Realms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland), Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Arabia. Iceland continues with a Regent of Iceland, and no King - colloquially known as the "Realm without Royalty".
In Britain, the Government duly submitted a bill to enact the local council reforms as advocated by the Madcliffe Commission. It swiftly passed the House of Commons, with the Government's majority, but later in the year it faced much deliberating and lobbying in the House of Lords, who only passed it the following year with a thin margin, thus allowing it to be enacted as law.
With the Newfoundland economy continuing to struggle through the 1940s, despite solid performance in the British and Canadian economies, Newfoundland eventually votes to become a province within Canada, and proceeds to join the Confederation. The actions open questions about further integration of British territories, namely those in the Carribean. Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Turks & Caicos Islands are all propositioned by both British and Canadian Governments for transfer. The British also begin early work to establish a Caribbean "group" of Jamaica, Cayman Islands & Belize, and the Antilles "group" of the eastern British Caribbean islands (ie. Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, St Lucia, Montserrat). The two groups are intended to pave the way towards eventual federation of the small islands.
In the Nordic world, the continuing cultural transfer from the UK across the North Sea leads to Denmark and Norway creating official governing bodies for Rugby Union, with a smaller presence of Rugby League. The Nordic movement continues to grow; Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland all reach a broad agreement on a "Nordic Krone", although initial movements will solely see them bringing their currencies into stable values against each other. The internal debate in Sweden over it's foreign policy ends with the latest general election; the Swedish SDP party, advocating further pan-Nordic links and entry into the Commonwealth becomes the largest party in the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament). Sweden formally submits it's application to join the Commonwealth, however the application begins a process of overhaul in the Commonwealth. With decisions historically taken by mutual respect and unanimity, the entry of several "smaller" states continues to make reaching agreement difficult. Calls from all 4 of the Commonwealth "Giants" (the UK, Canada, Australia & Argentina) call for entry for Sweden - and Iceland who applied last year, but with a single Commonwealth representative for the Nordic block. A single representative would keep the Commonwealth meetings small and focussed, and allow a single powerful voice rather then 4 fragmented voices.
A Royal Commission is established by the British Government ("The Royal Commission on the Commonwealth"), with the support of Canada, Australia & Argentina, and much of the rest of the Commonwealth into the future structure of the Community. It is mandated to suggest reform to accommodate the growing membership of the Community, and what the membership requirements should be for future applicants. Many in the higher echelons of British society are beginning to question whether the Commonwealth is still "British" or not, with the entry of several non-British nations over the previous few decades.
1951: East African High Commission comes into being, with a single Commission for the region encompassing Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zanzibar. British intentions are to, like the Caribbean groups, pave the way towards an eventual East African Federation. The single High Commission provided for a customs union between the five territories - largely an administrative simplification, as free trade existed between them anyway. Internally, it provided for a common currency, postage, transport, communications, research and education - a massive initiative across the Swahili region, with English & Swahili as official languages across the region, with Luganda additionally widely used in Uganda and some areas of Sudan.
King William's uncle Prince Henry is asked to be Governor-General of Canada, at William's urging, following the Australian model. He quickly makes a name for himself, following Prince George's example, by embracing the Canadian culture, and is a well respected lacrosse player (the Canadian "Henry Cup" in lacrosse is named for him). He would also become well known for joining Canadian Military ventures in the Arctic north of the country, and this marked all of the big three Dominion countries headed up in some form by a member of the Royal Family.
Back in the UK, the Madcliffe Commission filed it's report, and submitted it's conclusions to Government. It recommended the division of powers into "personal/household" services, and "regional/strategic" services. The first would be covered by a large amount of unitary councils, offering all local services, based upon small regions of roughly between 250,000 and 1,000,000 residents. They would not stretch over the "historic county" borders, leading to names such as "Eastern Kent", "Southern Cork", "West Lothian" and "North Lancashire", and would have groups of unitary councils (roughly correlating to those within several historic counties) grouped into "provinces" (although the Southern Irish, Scots and Welsh all rejected any notion of division of their nations, the report actually only advocated provinces in England). The report was largely backed by the Government of the time, although it created significant backlash from many of the rural Conservative councils.
Reaction in Southern Ireland was mixed, where the report largely recommended retaining the traditional counties of Ireland as the unitary authorities due to the lower population in Ireland, with the 3 traditional Irish Provinces maintained as the strategic authorities. Many felt it was an unwarranted intrusion into Irish affairs by Westminster; a negotiated truce at the end of the year saw the Southern Irish Government accept the conclusions of the Madcliffe Report, but proceeding with it internally as a measure by the Southern Irish Parliament, as a statement of it's own power over it's domestic destiny. It would mark the start of the regular "National Council", as a meeting between the British Prime Minister, and the leaders of the devolved regions (the Southern Irish Premier and Northern Irish Premier) in an attempt to maintain unity over certain devolved matters.
The Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is founded by the BBC, CBC and ABC, as an associated news agency owned jointly. It provides a joint platform for international reporting in all three (UK, Canada & Australia), with CBC covering the Americas, BBC covering Europe, Africa & western Asia, and the ABC covering eastern Asia and Oceania. The association would drive forward global journalism, and the split in coverage meant that events could be largely covered in real time in their own time zones, without requiring significant staffing during night time hours.
1952: The "Royal Commission on the Commonwealth" delivers it's report. It recommends the establishment of a "Joint Standing Commonwealth Committee" at the international level to act as a quasi Commonwealth "Government"; it would comprise of a member from each country (some collectively). Each member would be the Minister for the Commonwealth in their domestic Government, thereby maintaining a strong domestic governmental link, although annually one JSCC meeting would be attended by the Heads of Government as well. With more questions over domestic affairs possibly breaching rules over the Commonwealth free market, and distortion of competition, it is also recommended for a joint "Commonwealth Constitutional Court". This would be staffed by a range of senior judges, one from each state (some collectively again), with several judges sitting on each case.
In terms of membership, the report would recommend that new applicants should have a "significant link; historically, culturally or economically" with existing members, be a functioning democracy, respect the rule of law and international law as well as development of all members as "sovereign nations in partnership", thereby rejecting any notion of de jure supra-nationalism. It marked a change in the Commonwealth, as it continued to evolve from a "British Commonwealth", to a "Commonwealth Community....with Britain as primus inter pares". As an international group with no legislative process, the recommendations of the Commission were enacted by the heads of Government of the signatories, with Sweden & Iceland brought into the Commonwealth.
In the Pacific, an unwritten understanding between the UK and the USA meant that the US controlled much of the Pacific Ocean that was north of the equator, as far west as newly independent Indonesia. South of the equator would be British / Commonwealth. The result was that the British and allies paid little attention to matter that occurred to the north of the South China Sea, now that much of Japan was operating as a de facto US territory. The British (and US) sold weaponry and armaments to the Republic of China, who was rapidly being pressed back by Chinese communist rebels, and the region would rapidly morph into the playground of the oncoming Cold War between the USA and Russia, with the Commonwealth as a 3rd power largely on the side of the US in terms of East Asian policy (which was about the limit of their co-operation - the US had no intention of joining the Commonwealth in any regard, and the UK had no intention of letting it upset the British influence over the Commonwealth).
The Commonwealth now consists of: the United Kingdom, the Nordic Realms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland), Canada, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Arabia. Iceland continues with a Regent of Iceland, and no King - colloquially known as the "Realm without Royalty".
In Britain, the Government duly submitted a bill to enact the local council reforms as advocated by the Madcliffe Commission. It swiftly passed the House of Commons, with the Government's majority, but later in the year it faced much deliberating and lobbying in the House of Lords, who only passed it the following year with a thin margin, thus allowing it to be enacted as law.