Empire of Brazil (Part One)
The roots of the Empire of Brazil go all the way back to 1808, when the Portuguese regent Dom João VI, along with the incapacitated Queen Maria I, fled from Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janerio. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established on December 15th, 1815 by Prince-Regent Dom João VI as a result of the fact that the monarchy was more popular in Brazil than in Portugal at the time and that Rio de Janerio offered much more freedom to the monarchy. As a result, Brazil was elevated to the status of a constituent kingdom within this new pluricontinental monarchy.
After the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, João VI returned to Portugal in April of 1821, leaving eldest son and heir Pedro to rule as regent of Brazil. The Portuguese government immediately began moving in to get rid of the autonomy Brazil had enjoyed since 1808, which ignited widespread opposition from Brazilians. As result, Prince Pedro, Regent of Brazil, declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on September 7th, 1822. On October 12th, 1822, Prince Pedro was proclaimed Pedro I, the first Emperor of the newly created Empire of Brazil, a constitution monarchy. The Brazilian War of Independence lasted until 1824, and Portugal officially recognized Brazil's independence in August of 1825, an act which also officially disbanded the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
In 1831, Dom Pedro I abdicated the throne of Brazil due to the Liberal Wars in Portugal. His five year old son became Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, and a weak regency was created around the young emperor, leading to a number of regional civil wars. However, when Dom Pedro II came of age he was able to restore order to Brazil. It was also under Dom Pedro II that Brazil became an emerging international power, with Brazil emerging victorious in a number of South American wars, such as the Platine War (1851-1852), the Uruguayan War (1864-1865) and the Paraguayan War/War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870). With economic development and prosperity came a number of immigrants from Europe. By the middle of the 19th century, the Empire of Brazil was the most powerful nation in South America and Latin America. It is important to note that unlike their Hispanic, Republican neighbors, the Empire of Brazil was politically stable, had vibrant economic growth and had freedom of speech and civil rights as a part of its constitution, albeit with restrictions on women and slaves.
By the late 19th century, Brazil was one of the last slave-holding nations on earth, along with the Confederate States of America, which began manumission in 1883 in the aftermath of the Second-Mexican War (1881-1882). This all changed on March 1st, 1889, when the Brazilian parliament, with Dom Pedro II's approval, passed "Lei Áurea", in English "Golden Law", abolishing slavery, but providing for manumission. The law was modeled somewhat on the Confederate Manumission Amendment, and stated that all slaves in Brazil would be gradually freed by the year 1900, with financial compensation to their owners. While the law caused many ultraconservatives to join the Republican and Anti-Monarchist camp, the promise of financial compensation for their freed slaves placated many who would otherwise have taken some sort of drastic action against the Emperor. With European powers, such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, openly supporting the, admittedly weakening, Brazilian monarchy in the aftermath of their passing of the "Golden Law", any talk of a Republican coup was laughable at best.
With the threat of a Republican coup gone, the Empire of Brazil and their monarchy made a return to overall stability. Nevertheless problems remained for the monarchy, such as the issue of an heir. Dom Pedro II only had one heir and living child, Princess Isabella, who acted as his regent three times previously. Both of his sons had died when they were toddlers back in the 1840s, and with no male heir, Dom Pedro feared it was would give strength to the Republican cause. Brazil was a traditionalist and male dominated society, and many found the idea of a female monarch unacceptable. Even if a female monarch would be tolerated, Isabella showed no interest in becoming monarch, and an apathetic monarch could spell disaster for Brazil. As a result, in mid-1890, Dom Pedro and the Brazilian government decided to appoint a new heir to the Brazilian throne from the Portuguese branch of the House of Brazanga. Princess Isabella, not wanting to be monarch and not wanting her country to fall victim to political instability, consented. In October of 1890, Dom Pedro and the Brazilian government granted the position of heir to the Brazilian throne to Dom Pedro de Alcântara of Orléans-Braganza, Prince of Grão Pará, the 15 year-old son of Princess Isabella and Grandson of Emperor Dom Pedro II.
As it turned out, that time would come in over a years' time. Dom Pedro II died in the Paço de São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro on December 6th, 1891 at the age of 66. With that, the 16 year-old Dom Pedro de Alcântara of Orléans-Braganza, Prince of Grão Pará, became Emperor of Brazil, taking the royal name Pedro III in honor of his grandfather Pedro II, with his mother Isabella ruling as regent until his eighteenth birthday in 1893. The coronation of Dom Pedro III was held in Rio de Janeiro on Christmas Day, 1891. Massive celebrations occurred in the streets of Rio de Janeiro, and Dom Pedro was paraded though the city after his coronation. With that, the Brazilian monarchy was as secure as ever, and with slavery ending and the 20th century approaching, a new era in Brazilian history had begun.
Dom Pedro III's reign was mostly quiet, aside from the War of Canudos (1896-1897) and the Acre War against Bolivia (1899-1903). Dom Pedro III proved a popular figure, despite his young age, and the people of Brazil adored him. Dom Pedro III also kept his country outside of the European Alliance System, and traded frequently with both he nations of the Triple Alliance and Quadruple Alliance. In 1900, the process manumission in Brazil finally ended, ending slavery in Brazil and in the western world once and for all.
Emperor Dom Pedro III died suddenly and unexpectedly of Malaria in Recife on October 29th, 1913, aged 38, after returning from a week long hunting expedition in the Amazon Rainforest, where he most likely contracted the disease. His younger brother, Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza, had died earlier that year of tuberculosis on March 26, 1913, aged 35. With Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, the oldest son of the Emperor, only three years-old, the Brazilian government decided, for the sake of national stability, to not establish a regency around the young prince and to give the position of Emperor and the Crown of Brazil to the only surviving son of Princess Isabel, the 32 year-old Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, who at the time was a captain in the Brazilian Air Force. On the day after his older brother's death, Prince Antônio Gastão was honorably discharged from the Brazilian Air Force and became Emperor Dom Pedro IV of Brazil. He was crowned Emperor in Rio de Janeiro on November 8th, 1913. Dom Pedro IV's reign started out as uneventful, but in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo. Dom Pedro IV gave his condolences to the House of Hapsburg, but saw no reason to enter the war, which he saw as a European and North American Affair. He continued his predecessors policy of trading with both the nations of the Entente and Central Powers, and though he was courted by both sides, Brazil remained a neutral nation. However, this would all change in 1917.