On the night of 9th December 1941 Admiral Phillips was maintaining radio silence, a sensible and normal precaution when hunting and being hunted. When he discovered he was being shadowed by Japanese floatplanes and learnt he was facing a battleship squadron and two heavy cruiser squadrons, in a sea known to house hostile submarines and skies that would be full of bombers in a few hours notice….
….He decided to break away to the south, into the fast approaching night and return to Singapore.
Using radio to tell Singapore of his intentions would have alerted the far superior IJN naval and air forces, the closest only 5 miles away, to his exact location and possibly his intent. Before night fell he detached the destroyer
HMS Tenedos at high speed back to Singapore. When she was far enough away for secrecy, at 2000hrs, Tenedos radioed Phillips’ Chief of Staff Rear Admiral
Palliser in Singapore to arrange air cover for Force Z at a predicted position well to the South at first light.
Admiral Phillips was putting his faith in the night to throw off his shadowers, Tenedos signal to confuse the enemy further and the RAF to find him before the Japanese did the next day. All while maintaining radio silence as the main group slipped away. So fifteen hours before the first bombers found him Phillips had requested air cover and begun steering a course closer to the airfields to facilitate it.
Throughout the night Japanese float planes, cruisers and submarines searched for him, but using Prince of Wales radar Force Z was able to avoid detection and slipped away. Phillips continued with radio silence and was soon far to the south of the superior Japanese naval forces searching for him in the darkness.
Just after midnight Admiral Palliser signalled from Singapore of a suspected amphibious landing along the coast not far from Phillips’ predicted position. Somehow Palliser failed to anticipate that Phillips would change course and investigate this very dangerous landing halfway to Singapore and well behind British lines.
Phillips didn’t radio Palliser that he was diverting course to investigate the landing but a signal at that point would have alerted the Japanese to his reversal of course and southerly heading, dangerously reducing the seas they would have to search for him in the morning. Radio silence still being a sensible decision, it’s not unreasonable to think Palliser, in receipt of both bits of information, was going to change the fighter RV to the suspected invasion point.
He didn't.
The first fighters were given Phillips’ previous predicted position based on a straight line to Singapore. Early morning they searched that area but failed to find him. Fortunately Phillip’s diversion also confounded the first major Japanese bombing attempt. The first bomber squadrons spread out to the south east more than 140 miles from Force Z along his predicted course to Singapore. They found the returning Tenedos on that course and tried to sink her instead.
At this point Phillips was expecting fighter cover at any time, but still hadn't received it. We with hindsight can argue about the merits of breaking radio silence at that point to hurry up the fighters with an accurate location to find him in, but he had already given the Japanese the slip a couple of times, was as yet unmolested by bombers and getting closer to Singapore and fighter cover with every mile steamed in silence.
Japanese search aircraft found Force Z at 1015, but if he signalled now, he would be confirming the search aircraft’s report, removing doubt from Japanese air planners minds. Information in wartime is like drinking from a river in flood, fast flowing, everywhere and usually toxic with rubbish. Until you filter it you can’t drink it.
Air to surface recognition was always a problem, the aircraft that attacked Tenedos had reported her as a battleship (all 1,200 tons of her). Maybe the search aircraft had a damaged radio, maybe there would be a few hours before they landed and reported a few more before they were believed.
Maybe some Japanese scout plane somewhere else was mistaking one of their own for his ships and polluting the information stream again. It’s all happened before, as Murphy and Murphy San know. During the night Japanese search planes had illuminated one of their own cruisers in error believing it to be Prince of Wales, she narrowly avoided being attacked and must have put plenty of doubt into the seekers attentions.
I admit these decisions are judgement calls, anything you do in combat can get you killed especially doing nothing, but you don't have to make it easy for the other guy. And playing possum is doing something.
The first attack came in an hour later at 1113. It was a small affair and five bombers were driven off with AA gunfire and only minor damage sustained in return. As far as Phillips knew this could be the vanguard of an air fleet intent on ending him or a fluke of chance - bombers heading for Singapore that found him instead (they had used bombs not torpedos) - or the southern spoke of an armed search effort that had every other Japanese bomber looking for him to the North, East and West.
This is where most historians and sages say Phillips should have broken radio silence. I have no idea what I would have done after that first attack, but I'm not an Admiral. He was trying to get away so secrecy was still paramount. He was expecting to see RAF fighters at any time so a message may be redundant. There was always chance the Japanese were as clueless as to what happens next as he. There was a chance the Japanese battlefleet was just over the Northern horizon and a line of submarines over the Southern horizon.
The day was not healthy, I just don't think I’m qualified to make the judgement how unhealthy without hindsight getting in the way.
Only two battleships had been torpedoed by aircraft while at sea and not one hit by bombs by December 1941. The Vittorio Veneto had been torpedoed while running from the British Med Fleet in March 1941. She only took one hit which temporarily slowed her down, but she managed to escape. Bismarck had taken several air launched torpedo hits, only one of which did sufficient damage to stop her running away in time to be caught by battleships.
One lucky torpedo was the only evidence of the vulnerability of battleships at sea to aircraft. If Phillips was more concerned with submarines and battleships he wouldn’t be far wrong - HMS Barham and Ark Royal had been sunk by U-boats only the month before, Royal Oak and Courageous before that. Bismarck and Hood had been sunk by gunfire.
He may have thought he could brass it out and confuse the picture.
In fact the Japanese were well aware of his location and the next wave was soon on its way. Well co-ordinated attacks from multiple torpedo bombers came at 1140 and by 1200 put enough torpedoes into Prince of Wales to give her an 11.5deg list and cut electrical power. She was incapable of steaming any further.
Repulse survived the second attack, now surely was the time to break radio silence? There is an oft repeated line that Repulse sent the first radio message of an air attack an hour after the first attack. I find this suspect, especially as most of the logs in Singapore were destroyed before the Japanese captured them and Repulse and PoW logs were lost with them.
Using the surviving destroyer’s logs the first attack was at 1113hrs, this was beaten off. PoW wouldn't be damaged until just before 1200 in the second attack, Repulse sank at 1233hrs having been in the process of capsizing since 1220. So we have to be careful trying to establish an exact time this signal was sent. If it was exactly hour from first attack then Repulse has a seven minute window to send it before she’s abandoned. If it was when they took their first hits, then Repulse sent the signal twenty minutes after she sank.
The RAF arrived on scene at 1318 - sixteen hours after they were requested, seven hours after they were expected, two hours after the first attack and one hour after Repulse supposedly sent her signal. Repulse was long gone and they watched the PoW finally sink while the survivors were picked up. Back in Saigon the Japanese were preparing yet another wave of bombers as they had no confirmation either ship was sunk. Such is the confusion in war.
Admiral Tom Phillips died aboard his flagship, so he didn’t live to explain his actions. Several scholars have dug up evidence he was a blinkered big gun admiral, who lacked a full appreciation of air power, dismissed the Japanese threat and delayed vital signals because he had greater faith in guns that the mighty fighters of the RAF.
When you realise the chain of poor decisions for this disaster starts with Churchill and runs through many distinguished careers before you get to Phillips, I'm not sure that stands up.
Firstly, the RAF had 60 odd Brewster Buffalos in Malaya of which maybe 40 were operational. That number was getting swiftly less by the hour. One squadron was operating above the landing beaches and their own airfields to the North, they were in the process of being destroyed that day. Two squadrons were intercepting Japanese bombers over Singapore, they weren’t going anywhere else.
10 Buffalos from 453 Squadron had been allocated to fleet defence before Phillips departed Singapore, so someone thought bombers were a risk. They had been prepared with Naval radio frequencies and callsigns. This was the force Phillips had alerted through via HMS Tenedos.
453 Sqdn planned to keep a maximum of four of their operational fighters over Force Z at any one time by rotating each half of the squadron. With an hours flight each way that would translate to maybe an hour or two above the fleet - IF - they didn’t get involved in fuel hungry aerial combat. Then they would have to fly back, land and refuel before going straight out again. 453 Squadron would have been spent long before Force Z was back in Singapore.
There was nowhere near enough fighter support to protect the fleet, and Phillips knew that before he left.
Some authorities have said Phillips didn’t appreciate how far Japanese bombers could fly. This one is strange because on Pearl Harbour day (8th Dec local, 7th Dec at Pearl) Repulse and PoW were alongside in Singapore and used their anti-aircraft guns to fight off the first attack by Japanese bombers on the naval base.
If they could reach Singapore from Saigon they could easily reach Force Z after they sailed several hundred miles closer to Saigon the next day.
Air Marshall ‘Bomber’ Harris is the most quoted source for Phillips shortsightedness. In his memoirs, written long after the war, he referred to a conversation between the two on the effectiveness of naval AA fire a year before Phillips died.
“One day, Tom, you’ll be standing on your bridge and your ship will be smashed to pieces by bombers and torpedo aircraft, and as she sinks your last words will be, ‘That was a bloody great mine we hit!.’”
Lets put this into perspective. In December 1940 when this conversation occurred the only evidence of aerial threat against warships manoeuvring at sea and defending themselves had been off Norway and Dunkirk. The only major warships sunk at that stage were in harbour and stationary.
Only one warship had been sunk while underway, the sloop
HMS Bittern who was close inshore defending troop transports. She was taken out by short ranged Ju.87 dive bombers. Whenever long-ranged bombers like He.111 and Ju.88 were in action against ships manoeuvring at speed and shooting guns, and the Luftwaffe had launched thousands of sorties against RN warships off Norway and Dunkirk, they hadn't hit a thing.
Several armed trawlers had been lost to aircraft but they were acting singly inshore with a speed of 12kts and a single Lewis gun for AA defence. Their loss compared to the survival of well equipped warships at sea led the RN to conclude that lots of AA fire and a swift helm were enough to counter aerial assault.
With the failure of the RAF and Fleet Air Arm to land a single decisve blow against German warships at sea during Norway the conclusion offered by Phillips to Harris wasn’t ridiculous.
Tom Phillips gained Churchill and Pound’s respect in the aftermath of the sinking of the Hood a few months later. As Pound’s deputy he had been given the first hurried investigation into her loss. He had torn it apart with failures of logic and evidence and ordered it redrafted with dozens of further witness and expert reports he found himself.
His refusal to accept a whitewash report that could have consequences for the safety of future operations got him Churchill’s ear.
In the Spring of 1941 around the same time as Hood and Bismarck were getting sunk, Royal Navy torpedo bombers had managed to torpedo a cruiser and battleship moving at speed off southern Greece and in return lost a carrier crippled and many warships sunk off Crete to Ju.87 and Ju.88 bombers. These losses included cruisers and destroyers moving at speed with full AA armaments, previously thought immune from air attack. This startling turn of events was long before Phillips headed to Singapore.
There are a bevy of internal RN reports on these losses contradicting everything they had found off Norway the year before.
They correctly deduced Germany had created a specialised anti-shipping force, and with better bombs and training had learnt to overwhelm AA fire by attacking from multiple heights and directions. The Ju.88 was correctly identified as the greatest threat after one bombed and sank the cruiser HMS Fiji.
So long-range twin engined bombers like the Japanese G3M and G4M were considered a threat.
They must have been considered a threat before the war as they formed the rationale behind the Illustrious’ armoured deck.
One must expect your enemy to mature during conflict and adapt to meet changing threats.
The Royal Navy took immediate notice of the increased air threat and ordered more carriers and fighters for fleet air defence, they sought to get air warning radar on every ship, founded a new air direction / interception school and funded improvements in proximity fuses and radar gun control. Many of the ships lost in Crete had run down their AA ammunition stocks in constant fighting over a period of days, conventional ammunition would be offloaded to make way for extra AA.
The man in the Admiralty responsible for these reports and their findings - Tom Phillips.
The man who had been explosively contemptuous of battleships since the end of WW1 and a zealot of strategic air power, who was fighting a battle for the future of RAF Bomber Command in 1940–41 - Arthur Harris.
Interesting that he remembered a conversation that so perfectly fitted Admiral Phillips demise so soon after he himself fell from grace and was justifying his wartime position, after Churchill threw him under the bus for the area bombing campaign?
The loss of Force Z was certainly a failure of command but the blame includes a long and distinguished cast. It starts with Churchill overruling his naval chief Admiral Pound who didn’t want Force Z there in the first place.
Between August and October 1941 Pound and Churchill argued over what resources should be sent to deter Japanese expansion into Indochina. Their occupation of Saigon in August had halved the distance between their bombers and Singapore.
Pound argued that to be an effective deterrent a Pacific Fleet would have to be of a size and capability to meet and defeat the IJN in battle. Sending a token force may encourage aggression through timidity and then be unable to counter it. I can’t argue with Pound’s logic, even if you remove all aircraft from Indochina, Force Z had no chance to physically stop the IJN’s battlefleet on its own.
The decision of the USA to base its Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbour, several weeks sailing from the Western Pacific, meant an RN battle squadron at Singapore would be on their own in the vital opening stages.
Pound’s first compromise was to send Prince of Wales to South Africa where it could safely react to Indian Ocean, Atlantic or Mediterranean threats and provide some deterrence to the WestPac and Australia. It’s clear he believed the South China Sea and Gulf of Siam too dangerous for her.
In November Churchill, under pressure from Australian, Dutch and Malay leaders, pushed again for more resources. The Prince of Wales was to be joined by a carrier and battlecruiser and a full Admiral sent with them to command the new larger, but still not large enough Eastern Fleet from Singapore. Pound was still dead against it, Churchill insisted.
HMS Indomitable was allocated, but she ran aground in Kingston Bay soon after. Ark Royal was sunk the following week and with Eagle and Furious in refit, Illustrious and Formidable working up again after long repairs, the only carriers available were Victorious serving the home fleet, the small Hermes hunting surface raiders and the venerable WW1 era
HMS Argus providing air cover for the far more important Force H.
Pound called for the whole Singapore reinforcement plan to be postponed until 1942, when new battleships would be coming online and the carrier fleet was up and running at full strength. Indom was fixed quite quickly and was sent to South Africa as PoW had been. The Royal Navy was at maximum stretch.
Pound got one concession from Churchill - he refused to allow the Force Z component of the Eastern Fleet to be under CinC Far East command, Its commander would answer to Pound and no one else. I think it quite obvious Pound didn’t trust defence planning in the Far East and intended to keep his battleships on a tight and reliable leash.
Vice Admiral Phillips was promoted and given the command not just of Force Z but all RN assets in the Pacific. He had been Pound’s deputy throughout the war so far and Pound his mentor. Some have argued Phillips was too junior and deskbound to command the Eastern Fleet, but the man who appointed him, gave him his instructions, knew him well and had a good working relationship with him - was dead set against risking major units in battle east of Singapore with or without air cover and put his ships in the safest hands he could find.
So why did Phillip’s even bother to sail into danger in the Gulf of Siam? On the 9th December the Army was heavily engaged in the North of Malaya, the RAF was being decimated everywhere and the Navy couldn't slip away by the back door and leave the invasion uncontested.
This is pure speculation, but without his carrier Phillips had reason to limit his scope of operations, refuse a direct confrontation with the superior Japanese fleet and get out quickly. Had Phillips survived the bombers I bet he would have been back in Ceylon or Australia and reunited with his missing carrier sharpish. Regardless of the wishes of CinC Far East.
Air Chief Marshall
Robert Brooke-Popham was CinC Far East and must take some considerable blame for the poor decision making and pressure on Tom Phillips.
British reconnaissance planes had located the Japanese invasion fleet heading for Thailand on the 6th December local time, (5th Dec in Pearl Harbour) two days before hostilities opened. Brooke-Popham was immediately given permission to begin
Operation Matador and take offensive action against this threat. But he dithered until the landings actually began on 8th Dec. He gave away 48 hours of surprise and failed to attack the Japanese convoy when it was most vulnerable.
It was this failure that led to Force Z being asked to do something about the invasion that was already underway on the 9th Dec. Phillips chose to intercept the invasion force at Singora in Thailand.
Sending a single battleship squadron to intercept a convoy that was already landing its troops seems both too much and too little at the same time. Submarines and cruisers are the best systems to take on a convoy, destroyers at a push. Yet despite both being present in Singapore they weren’t used.
Force Z would have to get close inshore to fire onto the beachhead while protecting itself from Japanese battleships and cruisers from seaward at the same time. I can’t think of a time this has been done (possibly the Japanese at Guadalcanal), and there’s probably a reason for that.
Force Z could have screened a larger force from Japanese battleships while swifter forces went for the transports but no co-ordinated action with the cruisers, submarines and destroyers was planned. I have never discovered why a British submarine screen or minefield wasn’t off Thailand and Northern Malaya from late November when Brooke-Popham was arguing with London for permission to launch Matador as Japanese forces built up in Indochina.
A submarine and mine based defence of Malaya would have been a better proposition from the start.
There just wasn’t a cohesive plan to defend Malaya and less to defend Indonesia which covered its other two flanks. The whole allied position was ruined when Japan took the whole of Indochina back in August. On 9th Dec with the US fleet crippled at Pearl there wasn’t even a chance of success that year. But still Phillips sailed to meet the enemy. Even if his intent was to shoot an scoot at the first opportunity.
Brooke-Popham would have a nervous breakdown during the Malay campaign, Palliser would continue the fight from Java with little success, and never really explained why he put the fighters up in the wrong place. Air Vice Marshall
Pulford and Rear Admiral
Spooner the commander of RAF and RN units in Malaya both died during escape attempts from Singapore, most of the signals and logs of the battle were lost when burnt before capitulation so for sources on this subject writers have had to look far afield among some desperate political figures.
It wasn’t one of those ‘for want of nail’ things, this disaster had many moving parts.