Excerpts from the Internet video series "Diplomatic History Visualized", 2017
THE Tunis Conference, the first major meeting between the "Big Five" Allied powers, took place between April 2nd and April 10th, 1942, in Tunis, Tunisia.
The leaders present were Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States; Paul Reynaud, Prime Minister of France; and Prince Fuminaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan. Due to the situation in the Soviet Union, Stalin did not attend, instead electing to send Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov from April 3 to 6.
Churchill, Roosevelt and Konoe each arrived in one of their respective nations' most modern battleships- Roosevelt in USS Louisiana, Konoe in HIJMS Akagi, and Churchill in HMS Duke of York, her role as Fraser's flagship in Operation Tiger aiding in her selection. Reynaud and Molotov's arrivals were much quieter affairs.
The agenda across the multi-day conference covered several important topics for how the Allies would wage the wars, and other principles to come into Allied consideration.
The first item discussed was the priority for the war effort: "Germany First" or "China First"?
The Allied leadership agreed unanimously on "Germany First". China was not deemed to be an existential threat to any of the five nations, and unlike Germany, China was already fractured, with the Union of China gaining more popular support as the Nationalists' situation deteriorated. The Nationalists also did not wage a war of extermination, unlike the Nazis, and did not carry out atrocities in the manner of the Nazis. With their lack of a navy and strategic bomber force, the Nationalists also lacked the ability to attack Japan, or project force beyond contiguous borders- while they could attack Burma, for instance, they could not attack Britain or Hawaii.
Nazi Germany, on the other hand, waged an aggressive war of conquest and had to be stopped, whatever the cost. There remained some debate over whether a conditional surrender from Germany would be accepted if Hitler were overthrown, but Roosevelt and Stalin, through Molotov, expressed their extreme distaste for such a situation.
Thus, the Tunis Declaration would state that the Allies' held as their chief priority the defeat of Nazi Germany, "by any means necessary"; demonstrating conviction to the goal, but leaving room for said means to be further refined.
The second major item was discussing the liberation of France. This was made much more difficult due to the French military leadership's relatively poor standing among the Allies. De Gaulle was regarded as arrogant, vain and bellicose, whereas his naval counterpart, Darlan, was deemed equally vain and a shameless opportunist. The French favoured an amphibious landing with the aim of taking Toulon, which could be used as a harbour to support the landings, and which had been thus far spared severe damaged by the Germans. The Americans favoured a cross-channel invasion, and while Churchill had his misgivings about such an operation, indicated that he would support it if necessary. The Japanese delegation agreed to send a small expeditionary force, and provide for support for the landings with combat, landing and merchant vessels, as an expression of gratitude for Allied aid in China.
Timing was the other major issue- the United States and Britain, while arguing the necessity of the landings, nonetheless stated that they were unlikely to be ready to conduct such an operation until summer-fall 1944. The French and Soviets (who wanted pressure taken off their front), by contrast, wanted a landing as soon as possible, as soon as early spring 1943 if conducted in the Mediterranean. The Allies did not have the necessary experience to conduct such operations, so the French made a major step in what would eventually lead to the liberation of Europe: France allowed Madagascar to be used as the site of a series of massive practice landings, beginning in autumn 1942.
Several smaller agreements were also reached. These included:
-Possible purchase of overseas bases for the USA, with the stipulation that the people in said territories also agreed
-An agreement to provide the Soviets with as much aid as possible
-The disposition of ships, aircraft and armies throughout the various theatres
-The proposed introduction of formal "Supreme Allied Commanders" in said theatres to streamline operations
-A declaration of support for self-determination of all peoples
and finally,
-An overarching commitment to fight for a world without want and fear.
While this conference did not answer all the questions it sought to, it got the participants to frankly and freely discuss their mutual struggles, and would do much to shape the conferences that would take place in the future.