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This is my first serious attempt at making a timeline so any assistance, advice, or criticism would be warmly welcome.

- As in OTL White Russian explorer Roman Ungern von Sternberg leads an army into Mongolia in October 1920 and essentially conquers it from the Chinese by February 1921.

- Our point of departure is the Red Army's move towards Tiblisi, Georgia being discovered earlier and they suffer a major loss on February 25, 1921. While they would rebound and eventually win the civil war as usual it distracts them from the situation in Mongolia and they never have the influence to form a communist Mongolia at the time.

- In the summer of 1922, with the Red Army's victory seemingly inevitable several factions of the white army retreat into Mongolia and set up the empire of Mongolia under Bogd Khan as essentially their puppet.

- Following the end of the Russian civil war soon after it seems as though the red army is planning on invading Mongolia to crush the remnants of the white army, of whom Bogd Khan has become essentially a semi-puppet leader. Then Mongolia comes forward with an announcement of alliance with the Republic of China, who has agreed in exchange for a promise of assistance in protecting themselves from the growing communist movement in their country. Deciding they could not afford the likely long and bloody war it would take to take Mongolia this soon after their civil war the red army holds back.

- The 1920's see a relatively peaceful period for Mongolia. New funding and ideas brought in by the White forces lead to a period of industrialization during the early to mid 20's. By the late 20's Mongolia has essentially become to China what Great Britain was to the American colonies economic wise. In other words the vast resources of China are traded north to Mongolia and Mongolia develops them into finished goods.

- This new found economic influence in China lasts for a short while before the Chinese civil war breaks out in 1927. As promised Mongolia steps in to assist the Republic but in very selfish ways. They begin mass production of arms and sell them at an inflated rate to the republicans and essentially make a small fortune. At the same time they use their veterans from half a decade earlier in the Russian civil war to annex parts of northern China, claiming they are "holding them until such time they see fit that the Chinese can manage them again." In the midst of a civil war relying partially on Mongolian arms the Republic of China is essentially helpless to stop them. By 1929 the Mongolia has expanded as such:


Light Yellow denotes newly annexed areas of Mongolia. I made this map using a modern day map so there may be some discrepancies other then the obvious ones on the southern part of the map but that is unimportant. If there are any others sorry and could someone please inform me.

- In 1930, in an attempt to flex the Soviet Union's 'muscles' Stalin threatens Mongolia with war if they continue to intervene in the Chinese Civil War. The Mongolian Empire is, in fact, glad to opine and, as the Soviets demanded, open up arms purchase to both sides of the conflict. As the Chinese Civil War continues this further increase Mongolia's growth as one of the most financially powerful nations in the far-east.

- On March 2, 1931 Bogd Kahn dies and Guyuk Khan is appointed as the new emperor. At the young age of 44 when he becomes emperor Guyuk Khan sees the world out of different eyes then Bogd. One such example of this is his view of Japan as a possible ally and, in 1932, he succeeds in forming several agreements, known as the East Pact, in which the two powers agree to never go to war with each other and to cooperate economically.

- Throughout the early and mid 30's Mongolia continues its roll as an arms dealer to China and also begins strong economic relations with Japan, improving their economy to, essentially, the status of the first world. They also further their annexations in China in 1934 and 1936. The new Mongolia looks as such:


- In 1937 the Second Sino-Japanese War begins uniting the communist and nationalist forces of China against Mongolian ally Japan. Mongolia refrains from entering the war themselves at first but cancels arms deals with both Chinese powers and sells supplies to Japan when needed.

- By 1939 it had become obvious that Chinese existence was going to be much more powerful then expected. The Japanese have begun to truly struggle to advance. Yet with all the forces focused in the east the now openly and strongly imperialist Guyuk Khan sees an opportunity he cannot surpass. In August of '39 he begins his invasion into rural western China.

- There is very little Chinese resistance in the west and by the spring of 1940 Guyuk Khan had succeeded his goals and his offensive temporarily ceases as he considers the situation for further invasion. At the moment he controls all the land west and north of China's major rivers. Land which he believes he can turn into active rural area to support his empire which has begun to have some problems getting newly urban and industrialized areas sufficient food.

- Although Guyuk Khan will never launch another major offensive into Chinese territory he launches several minor ones making gains to his empire in the northeast and securing control south of the Brahmaputra River.

- In December of 1941 Pearl Harbor occurs and the US and Japan go to war. Fearing that Mongolia may be dragged into the struggle if action is not taken Guyuk Khan signs a peace treaty with Chinese powers and cancels all deals as well as the East Pact with Japan. He is successful and, with the Japanese too preoccupied by the US to do anything to them and the US satisfied, the Mongolian Empire gets through WWII without seeing any true combat. At this point the Mongolian Empire has expanded to the following.



- By the end of WWII in 1945 Mongolia holds a clear position of influence in the Far-East as the only region which remained both stable and wealthy, having, as previously stated, avoided partaking in the war. Guyuk Khan, seeing the leverage of his situation, opens up the borders of the newly conquered portions of western China to immigrants and sells irrigated farmland at relatively low prices. He immediately receives a flood of immigrants, many from war-torn China and the population of Mongolia as a whole nearly doubles over the next few years, heightening even further Mongolia's influence.

- The end of the second world war also brought a renewal to the Chinese civil war. Looking to exert their influence Mongolia openly supports the nationalists with supplies and funds at low prices, taking a new path compared to their pre-war positions. They also use their position of essentially surrounding China from the Soviet Union to block attempts at Soviet aid to China. This leads to Mongolian and Soviet tensions hitting an all time high and at one point war seems inevitable. Yet the Soviet Union, in the midst of rebuilding from the major damages of the war realizes another major war is simply impossible for the time being and does not engage.

- With Mongolian support the nationalist forces in China quickly gain the upper hand. Guyuk Khan, who is becoming known throughout the world as a man who seizes opportunities no matter what the ideological 'costs,' makes a demand of the Republic of China in 1947. He says that following the war a referendum must be held on whether or not China wishes to join Mongolia under the Khan. The Chinese nationalists are ideologically against this but threats of ending support for them and allowing Soviet support for the communists in convinces them to agree.

- With the cold war now in full swing in 1949 the newly formed NATO sees the possibility of a powerful anti-communist ally in Mongolia and they formally do form an alliance which Guyuk Khan, now 62, sees as a victory in that it essentially ensures that the Soviet threat of a possible invasion if China agrees to join Mongolia will not be acted upon. Soon after this the Chinese civil war finally does come to a real end with, as expected, the Republic of China victorious.

- In 1950 the promised referendum occurs. With little security in the still unstable Republic of China at the polls it is highly believed that Guyuk Khan took steps to fix the vote, which comes out at 64% of Chinese in favor of unification. NATO endorses the results despite this as they see it as an extension of their influence in the east and an increased security measure against the Soviets. The Chinese army refuses to accept the results for that exact reason and Mongolia declares war on China for breaking the treaty and begins an invasion. It quickly becomes obvious that China's chances of victory are slim, with their army already badly bloodied from their civil war. This becomes even worse when nearly 1/4 of the Chinese army refuses to fight the Mongolians. (NOTE: The Korean War does not occur but Korea does remain divided)

- Early 1951 sees the launch of the February Offensive by Mongolia, the first major offensive of the war. The offensive, based of Hitler's blitzkrieg tactics of a decade earlier, quickly captures Beijing, throwing the Chinese establishment into turmoil and confusion. The offensive lasts well into the summer with its continuation conquering much of China. The Republic of China relocates their capital to Hong Kong and continues to attempt to fight.

- By the winter of 1951 it has become clear that the Chinese Republic will inevitably fall but they continue to fight and the war would draw on for another year until the winter of 1952 when the Chinese government finally agrees to a surrender and China is turned over to Mongolia. The borders of Mongolia now stand as such:




I will continue this timeline. As I said at the beginning an suggestions, criticisms, advice, or any other feedback would be great. Thanks.
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