The Revenge of the Crown : An Alternate 1812 and Beyond.

[Lusitania]

I doubt natives will voluntarily give up their homeland. they're going to agitate for their own nation-state. TTL, the south USA is in disarray, so OTL cohesion of action is not applicable. I suppose it is possible that, having lost NE, USA will turn its expansionist eyes to Alabama/Mississippi, but with the disarray, that'll take time. TTL, Mishigama will be feeding them weapons. Mishigama, unlike OTL Oklahoma, is chock full of natives, so they're not going to readily welcome newcomers. They'll help the southern tribes resist white encroachment. What's in it for Mishigama to make this treaty, which is completely unnecessary (Mishigama doesn't need it to let natives cross the border, US doesn't need it to let the natives travel there unimpeded)?



I'll go with it, as it's not my TL, but, IMO, it is off the mark to see a voluntary exodus.

I would of thought the natives and Spanish would of been able to supply the natives and they be a bigger and stronger adversary.
That US had not seized Florida which is still Spanish makes one think they don’t have the power projection that iotl had.

 

[unprincipled peter]

I would of thought the natives and Spanish would of been able to supply the natives and they be a bigger and stronger adversary.
That US had not seized Florida which is still Spanish makes one think they don’t have the power projection that iotl had.

I could be wrong, but I seem to recall reading that Spain had budgetary woes, and typical poor policy/effort/result, and did not arm their native allies very well. Understandable considering they had never put much effort into Louisiana or Spain, and was in the midst of being ripped apart at home, and had an inept administration (s) for a couple of decades, been at war (losing 1) in Europe for most of that time.

 

[Sarthak]

I could be wrong, but I seem to recall reading that Spain had budgetary woes, and typical poor policy/effort/result, and did not arm their native allies very well. Understandable considering they had never put much effort into Louisiana or Spain, and was in the midst of being ripped apart at home, and had an inept administration (s) for a couple of decades, been at war (losing 1) in Europe for most of that time.

it was more of an administration problem than monetary for Spain during this time.

 

[Sarthak]

Chapter 13: The Elections of 1820 and the Spanish Reconquista

***

“The Elections of 1820 were perhaps the final nail in the coffin for the democracy of the United States of America, an irony considering Democracy bred a way forward for autocracy in the nation. Nonetheless, the 1820 Presidential Elections were massively contested.

The Democrats put forward young and charismatic John Randolf Roanoke for president of the United States with James Barbour being his running mate once again. The Whigs put forward Nathan Sanford himself with Zachary Taylor being his running mate. For the American Nationalists, they put forth Calhoun himself alongside Andrew Jackson as his running mate.

Calhoun and Jackson enjoyed almost immense popularity in the nation by this point, and the severe depression that the economy was going through was blamed on the Whigs and Democrats who had been allied in the House and Senate in a tentative alliance. Their protectionist behavior meant that the Southern Economy was absolutely wrecked, and that meant that exports of wheat, grain, cotton etc had been curtailed, and this in turn meant that the nation was not able to raise proper credit fight against the depression. Calhoun and Jackson promised to reverse this and create a ‘free-trading’ atmosphere for a predominantly ‘Agrarian Society and Economy’. The Democrats under Roanoke barely even tried. The party had been held on thin lines after the heart attack of James Monroe in 1819, and the party was on the verge being destroyed, as many defected over to the Whigs and American Nationalists or taking part in politics as independents. Nonetheless, Roanoke took part in the elections with a compromising tone, hoping to get sympathy votes at most, and some people did fall for it and vote for him. The Whigs under Sanford and Taylor however faced a massive uphill battle that in the end they wouldn’t win.

Sanford, whilst perhaps one of the worst economists out there, was a competent diplomat, and under him relations with Britain had turned mildly friendly after the war, and relations with Mishigama and New England had become neutral, which was much better than the previously hostile relations. He had also extended good relations with Mexico. Jose I of Mexico would say in late 1819,

I trust the President of the US, he is a good man with capability in diplomacy in spades, however his cahoots and subordinates I do not trust.

Sanford had deferred to economists by this point, and promised a council of economists, both American and foreign to make sure that the depression would go smoothly for the Americans. In Hindsight we can say that this promise had it been implemented would have been best for the United States, nonetheless, his poor performance in the early days of the depression made his popularity diminish and few were willing to accept his promises as anything but wish lists at most.

By November, the election results had come in. With a total electoral vote of 163, a candidate would need 82 for victory. Calhoun and Jackson received 89,692 of the votes, or 52.76% of the popular vote with 86 electoral votes, winning the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Sanford and Taylor came in second claiming 44,846 votes or 26.38% of the popular vote winning the states of New York, Philadelphia, Ohio and Indiana for an electoral vote of 43. Roanoke and Barbour won 27 electoral votes claiming the states of New Jersey, Maryland and the Delaware winning 28,000 votes or 16.56% of the total votes.

The end result was pretty clear. Calhoun would become President, and Andrew Jackson would become Vice President. Sanford took this victory calmly however gave a warning to many fellows later on,

I need not tell anyone what radicalism of the South will bring to us all. – Nathan Sanford.

President James C. Calhoun. ​

In February 1821, Calhoun was inaugurated as the President of the United States of America, and Andrew Jackson became the Vice President of the United States, and the slow tumble began…..” University of Oxford, How Democracy Gave Birth to Autocracy, 1998.

“In Spanish America, the colonies were trembling in fear. In Spain, Ferdinand VII had made peace with the liberals by agreeing to promulgate a constitution that made the country a semi-constitutional Monarchy, however this constitution, which was named the 1818 Constitution still gave a lot of executive powers to Ferdinand VII, who used it with impunity.

In New Granada, the forces of Spain, veterans of the Peninsular War, veterans of the wars in Mexico and Central America were gathering. In 1819 they invaded Peru to back up the forces under Viceroy Jose de la Serna. Peru had been in a state of drift in regards to Spanish loyalty or independence. The Coasts and the north were occupied by the Republicans and the Junta, whilst the rest was controlled by the Spanish Loyalists. The Spanish Army’s invasion was coordinated with the Peruvian loyalists of Serna, and together they invaded the northern portion of Peru under Republican rule.

Viceroy Serna, the 1st Count of Andes. ​

Perhaps one of the most isolated battles in history, the Battle of Iquitos, took place on May 19th, 1819 which saw the power of the Republicans on the eastern side of the Andes broken as the battle hardened peninsular war veterans broke the republicans with ease, even when they worked under limited supplies and smaller numbers. Pacaya Samiria fell under Spanish invasion pretty easily after that. On the coast, Piura was the first major city to fall in July, 1819 as the Spanish starved the city out. Somewhat controversially, the only ones remaining in the city were Republicans, and much of the loyalists had fled to the loyalist controlled lands already, therefore, the Spanish felt no grief in starving the city out, as it was, only ‘enemies of the state and crown’ were being starved out. The Starvation of Piura saw around 2000 people starved to death, and around 3000 more dying of malnutrition after the siege had been lifted. By the end of it, the city opened its gates begging for food with the Spanish. Lightening the atrocity committed by the Spanish somewhat, the Spanish army and government did supply the population with food after it’s surrender.

Then came the double pronged attack at Lima and Arequipa. Both of whom were the two major cities controlling the republican strongholds in Peru. From Cusco, Serna proclaimed than any loyalist who wishes to turn his back on the Republicans would be welcomed with open arms. Seeing where the tables were turning, many did turn and deserted the republicans. Using their reinforced navy, the Spanish blockaded Lima and the Peruvian coast steering clear of Thomas Cochrane and his band of privateers who were fighting for the Chilean cause. In April 1820, the city of Lima fell after a year long march and siege from the loyalists. Outside of Arequipa, the Battle of Canahuas saw the Peruvian Republicans decisively defeated which opened the city for Serna to take over. By May 1820, the entirety of Peru was under Spanish rule once again. By this point, Chile was still under Spanish rule, though holding on somewhat tenuously as San Martin and his Argentinians attacked the Chilean coasts again and again, and Cochrane continued to attack.

By this point, the Spanish troops were on the verge of being overstretched, however nonetheless, the Spanish utilized all of the resources that they had for one final push into Chile, to connect Spanish Peru and Spanish Chile by land. Then Ferdinand VII planned to negotiate leaving Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina as independent states. In August 1820, the invasion of the Atacama Desert took place as the Spanish troops invaded, with aid from the Spanish Navy. The desert of Atacama, the driest place on earth, made it impossible for the Spanish to advance fast and they kept a slow pace to keep their spirits, morale and supplies up, as the Spanish continued to supply them steadily. In the South, the Chilean Loyalists to invaded the Atacama to link up with the Peruvian Loyalists under Serna.

The Battle of Sierra Gorda decided the fate of Chile. The Spanish armies converged from North and South, and crushed the army under San Martin. He was of no match for the veteran Spanish generals of the Peninsular War, like the 1st Duke of Zaragoza who smashed Martin and his armies. Martin was forced to flee to the eastern side of the Andes Mountains where he could be reinforced with Argentinians.

The First Duke of Zaragoza during the Battle of Sierra Gorda. ​

But by that point, Ferdinand VII knew that he couldn’t and wouldn’t be able to continue on. The Spanish armies in the area were holding on a tether, with supplies being so limited, and the problem of the Atacama being the driest place on earth. So finally on November 1820, he opened peace talks with Martin and the independence leaders of Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.

A general ceasefire was announced in February 27th, 1821. The news did not arrive in the Americas until April 15th, the day when Cochrane and his navy defeated the Spanish Navy in the area in the Battle of the Gulf of Corcovado. Nonetheless, receiving the news of the ceasefire, Cochrane immediately defected over to the Argentinians and started to create a proper fleet than what was then a ragtag bunch of East Indiaman ships for the Argentinian Navy. Cochrane held the belief that the peace and ceasefire wouldn’t last and that war would resume once again. He was wrong in his belief. Ferdinand VII had no intentions of overstretching himself and his empire. With Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, New Granada, Peru and Chile, Spain would still be the hegemon of South America with the vast amount of it’s riches under command of the Spanish Crown.

Therefore, the Peace of Seville was signed on June 16th, 1821. The Peace of Seville included the following points:-

• The Independence of the Kingdom of Argentina, the Republic of Uruguay, the Republic of Paraguay, and the Republic of Charcas would be recognized by the Kingdom of Spain.
• The aforementioned newly independent states to pay 5 million pounds each to the Spanish government to compensate for property losses incurred.
• Infante Carlos Maria Isidro of Spain would be allowed to take the offer of the Argentinian Crown on the condition that he and his descendants denounce their rights to the Spanish Crown.
• The borders be demobilized between New Spain, and the Spanish Viceroyalties and the new independent states.

This peace was accepted by San Martin and the others. Their troops were on the verge of mutiny, and the independence movement the most weak after the war. He offered Carlos Maria Isidro the throne of Argentina as a constitutional Monarch, and he Carlos agreed. In October 18th, he was proclaimed Carlos I of Argentina and peace returned to the Americas, as the Hispano Wars of Independence came to an end.

Carlos I of Argentina. ​

Spain had lost much territories, in the Rio De La Plata region, and the Bolivian region as well as all of Mexico and Central America barring Panama. Nonetheless, Spain remained the Hegemon of Latin America with their victory in New Granada, Peru and Chile. Ferdinand VII was brutal to the independence leaders in these countries. They were all imprisoned in the Galapagos Islands, which became the ‘prison’ of independence leaders in New Spain.

Nonetheless, a new group of reforms were made by the Spanish government to make sure that the rebellions would not be repeated. The Criollos, and Mestizos were given more freedom and maneuverability, even though they weren’t exactly equal to the Spanish, and the Spanish Hierarchy and its societal influence in the colonies were curtailed by a good amount. The people were also given more economic movement and incentives and opportunities as well. All in all, these reforms did not make the Colonial population equal to the Spanish, however did improve their living standards and did address much of their concerns, and thus, in most part successful in making the idea of independence die down, most importantly of all, Peru would become the loyalist hub of the Spanish Americas. Of course though once a fire is ignited, it doesn’t get extinguished so easily. The Spanish Americas would eventually gain independence, however in 1822, they remained firmly in Spanish hands, both in mind and body.” A History of the Spanish Empire, Osprey Publishing, 2009.

“In New England, in 1819 a party had split from the Federalists, on amicable terms, which is quite a rarity in politics, and this party named themselves the Toryists. The Toryists were a conservative, traditional, and New English Nationalist Ideological politicians. They were allied with the Federalists, but nonetheless, they were also friendly rivals in elections, even though on most terms they agreed with one another. The only serious difference was that the Federalists were more liberal in the outreach and the Toryists were more conservative in their way forward.

The Toryists were led by Israel Thorndike, and the man was competent. Very much so. He advocated for an anti-slavery position, to which the Federalists had been more or less neutral towards and Thorndike also somewhat intriguingly advocated for New English colonialism. Of course this led to the rise of gaffes and jokes like:-

“Thorndike wants us to start colonializing. So what do we call our colonies? New New England?” – George Cabot humorously in 1820 during a lunch session with Timothy Pickerings.

Nonetheless, the man was extremely popular, and the polite manner in which the Federalists and Tories debated with one another whilst campaigning with one another also gave him a lot of points, and during the 1821 General New English Elections, the Tories took the majority of the seats in the New English Senate and the New English House of Commons.

The New English House of Commons had 250 seats whilst the New English Senate had 120. The 1821 General Elections gave the following results, conducted in February – March, 1821 and declared in April 1821.

• Federalist Party (George Cabot): 41% of the popular vote, 103 seats won in the Commons, and 49 seats won in the Senate.
• Toryist Party (Israel Thorndike): 43% of the popular vote, 107 seats won in the Commons, 51 seats won in the Senate.
• Independents: 16% of the vote, 40 seats won in the Commons and 20 seats won in the Senate.

New England House of Commons after 1821, Blue – Tories, Yellow – Federalists, White – Independents.

New England Senate after 1821, Blue – Tories, Yellow – Federalists, White – Independents.

In the ballot elections, John Quincy III was elected to become the second President of the Commonwealth of New England just as Israel Thorndike became the Second Prime Minister of New England.

Thorndike used the foundations made by Cabot extremely well. The mixture of protectionist and free trade policies that Thorndike made during his premiership until his death in 1826, a mere month before the general elections, would also make him one of the best prime ministers of the nascent nation. He was calm and he was collected. Even though in the Commons and Senate, Cabot opposed him as the opposition, the two got along swimmingly well, and agreed with each other in many things and issues.

Thorndike continued the military policies of Cabot, and continued to make the New English Military more of a professional force rather than a militia based one, and under him the number of state militia degraded from 10,000 to 8,000 as well. The New English nation continued to flourish and trade increased.

His ideas for colonization also took off. In late 1823, during the month of October, a small village and naval posting was made by the New English navy in the island of what the Spanish called the Isla de los Estados next to Tierra El Fuego. In paper it looks like a small island with nothing significant to exploit. However in reality the decision to colonize Islas Estados or as the New English called it, New Eire, was a strategic move. It controlled the sealane from the Southern Atlantic next to the Falklands into the Cone of South America, therefore allowing the New English to gain toll fee from the ships passing through. It was a great economic move, and most of the settlers of the island would be New English Irishmen. Quite the mouthful. Nonetheless, this colonization was disputed massively by the Kingdom of Argentina. They had a sizeable navy which had been made under a year’s guidance of Cochrane, however in July 1823, Cochrane had returned to Great Britain, and when Argentina declared war under Prime Minister San Martin on the Commonwealth of New England, all hell let loose.

At first the nearby numerical superiority of the Argentinians managed to wreck the small New English ships in the vicinity. However the Commonwealth ‘Armada’ consisting of 9 ships of the line, 7 2nd Rates, 5 3rd Rates, and 15 Frigates sailed down to the South Atlantic where they fought the Argentinians in naval combat in the Battle of Cape Horn, in which the Commonwealth Navy defeated the Argentinian Navy decisively on August 17th, 1824, cementing New English Naval dominance against Argentina. With their navy under the seas and the snow cap, Argentina sued for peace and recognized the New English colonization of New Eire.

The Argentine Fleet before being decimated. ​

This short colonial war cemented New England’s position in Patagonia and the southern Atlantic for the centuries to come. They would control the fur trade, and the toll fee of the area for centuries and become rich of the back of it.” A Brief History of Early New England, Osprey Publishing, 1911.

“When Napoleon had invaded Portugal in 1807, the royal family had fled to Brazil, their largest colony in the Americas. There, King John VI of Portugal recognized the loyalty of the Brazilians by raising the colony to become a kingdom, thereby united the Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil into the United Kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. A mouthful, but most people called it simply Portugal-Brazil.

Nonetheless, severe dysfunction existed in the ‘united’ kingdom. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, recognizing their increased participation in the Americas as likely due to the loss of America in the War of 1812, the British withdrew from Portugal in 1818. This lifted a good amount of economic problems and the resentful feeling of being a protectorate of their ally, however still liberal elements in the Portuguese nation were unsettled and angry and demanded a liberal kingdom. In 1820, the city of Porto, which had been most affected by the economic strains of the postwar era, erupted into what was is called the ‘Liberal Revolution’. It enjoyed success nowhere outside of Porto, and the Portuguese Army managed to put the revolution down pretty handily.

Nonetheless, John VI of Portugal did not wish for a second rematch of the revolution, which he feared would be greater than before, and therefore agreed to a constitution. The Cortes was founded as the governing house of the Portuguese nation with the constitution ratified by John VI himself. He left his prince and heir, Dom Pedro to rule over the Kingdom of Brazil in his stead as he returned to Portugal. Nonetheless, the constitutionalist feeling in Portugal was shared by the Portuguese in Brazil. The Minister of Finance of Brazil was forced to be banished by General Sousa Tavares, and this humiliated the prince, as the Minister of Finance was a close ally of his.

In Portugal, the government tied the Brazilian subordinate governments directly to Lisbon as their plan for total unification of the Lusophone colonies. However this effectively made Dom Pedro the governor of Rio de Janeiro only instead of the entirety of the Brazilian Kingdom. It also didn’t help that the Portuguese were dissatisfied with their now shared rule over the ‘colonials’ and the Brazilian members of the Cortes were looked down upon, denigrated, and despite King John VI’s best efforts to make sure the Brazilians were proportionately represented, the Brazilian delegations in the Cortes were under-represented according to population.

All of this slowly titled Dom Pedro the Independent Brazilian cause. His wife, Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria was also very pro-Brazilian and influenced his actions. On 18th, January 1822, Dom Pedro dismissed the Portuguese authorities in Rio De Janeiro and boarded them all in transport ships to go back to Lisbon. A constitutional assembly was called in Rio, and the Brazilian constitution was promulgated, written by both the Brazilian Liberals, Conservatives and Dom Pedro himself. A Popular vote was held in the assembly January 31, 1822 where the assembly unanimously declared Dom Pedro the Emperor of the Brazilians.

This was horrible news for the Portuguese. Nonetheless, it was the southern sector of Brazil that was under Dom Pedro or now Pedro I’s rule. The north was still firmly under the hands of the Portuguese.

And thus war ensued. King John VI took a hardline stance against his son ruling in Brazil, though at a soft level. He ordered the Portuguese generals to defend the lands held by the Portuguese in Brazil but not attack Rio or the Southern territories held by the Brazilians. He tried to reconcile with his son, at least on the political level, as on the familial level, the two were very much attached with one another, even though they were at war with one another.

A letter from Pedro I to John VI in 1823 writes,

Dear Father, this war is dastardly. I hope and wish that I could get your advise on this. I cannot bear to see so many die like this. I fear it and the repercussions it may bring…..please father, I require your advise.

On things like this, the two maintained a familial level of contact with one another, however in the political arena and the diplomatic arena they remained enemies with one another. However in the Battle of Natal in August 27th, 1824, the Brazilians were defeated, however the Portuguese military was not able to take the advantage of the defeat properly as they were exhausted by the war and their stagnant economy. In January 1825, the Portuguese government recognized the independence of the Empire of Brazil. However the Empire of Brazil only extended it’s authority to the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia, Plaui, Tocantins, Minas Gerais, Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande De Sul, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Mato Grosso and Rondonia. The Northern part of the nation, mostly in the Amazonian basin remained a part of Portugal. The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves quickly became the United Kingdom of Portugal, Amazonia and the Algarves after that. Prince Miguel became the Duke of Amazonia and was sent to the region to administer it.” The Independence of Brazil, University of Rio, 1897.

The rough map of South America in 1824.
yellow - spain
pink - uk
grey - mexico
lime green - brazil
dark green - portugal
purple - uruguay
light blue - argentina
violet - charcas
brown - paraguay. ​

“In 1819, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington ascended to the Premiership of the United Kingdom after the death of Lord Liverpool. He was a great military commander, and a controversial politician, nonetheless, he is always ranked amongst the top five Prime Ministers of the UK. As King George III neared his death, Wellington cajoled the parliament, and even the Prince-Regent for catholic emancipation upon King George III’s death. The famous argument against Catholic Emancipation had been the fact that King George III’s coronation oath did not support it, however Wellington argued that upon his death, the coronation oath would be changed for the Prince Regent to allow Catholic Emancipation. The momentum of the War of 1812, which had seen Catholic Quebecois fight alongside the British faithfully and the growing industrialization of Ireland meant that the need for Catholic Emancipation was rising, and by the end of 1819, Wellington had managed to just barely weasel through the Catholic Relief Bill through both the Houses. It used up a significant portion of his vast influence, however he managed to do it. The Catholic Relief Bill concluded that upon the death of George III, all Catholics in the United Kingdom and her colonies would be fully emancipated forever.

​

Sir Arthur Wellesley in 1819 as Prime Minister.

On January 28th, 1820, King George III died of his mental diseases, and upon that announcement, Catholic Emancipation was done once and for all for the United Kingdom. Wellington made a good amount of enemies in the House of Lords, however he considered it worth it.

His alliance with Mexico that he had secured with Jose I also allowed the British government to lighten the military load in British North America, and under Wellington, the economic situation of Britain and her colonies grew rapidly and prospered. As an Anglo-Irishman, Wellington also created new jurisdictions in Ireland that partially removed the Corn Laws, and allowed for greater crop rotation and allowed the people of Ireland more agricultural mobility. The industrialization of Great Britain was exported to Ireland as well, and the population of Ireland, for the first time after the 1798 rebellion prospered as they received money, received full civil rights, and received economic mobility. The lost loyalty to the British Crown in Ireland is said to have been regained by Wellington during his premiership. He is credited with the fact that Ireland still remains a part of Britain to this day, though at times tenuously, due to the three independence referendums already.” The Biography of the Duke of Wellington, Chapter 88, Penguin Publishing, 2020.

“The Presidency of Calhoun is regarded as the death knell alongside the Election of 1820 for democracy in the United States of America. Calhoun immediately removed the tariffs put on trade, and restored free trading with the rest of Europe. In this manner, the trade of the agricultural south started to flow into Europe, Africa and Asia once again and the south prospered. Using this newfound exporting strength, the south started to mitigate the effects of the Great Panic of 1820, however the lifting of tariffs hurt the northern states by a huge margin.

The northern states experienced a massive amount of brain drain, and their industries were made next to useless, and were forced to be subsidized by the Federal and State governments. This agrarian approach of Calhoun made it impossible for the Northern States, who didn’t exactly boast an agricultural background or foundation, almost impossible to recover from the 1820 Panic properly.

Whilst in the south, the economy grew, and the inflation died down, in the north, by the end of the year of 1821, the state governments were issuing bank notes worth $15 dollars for bread, a massive amount at the time, and even today. This made the northern economy untenable, and try as he might to prioritize the south, Calhoun was by the end of the year forced to look at the north as well, as the Whigs and Democrats shouted bloody murder at him for the continued economic depression in the northern states of America.

To give some amount of credit, where credit is due, Calhoun did try to alleviate the situation somewhat. He reviewed the monetary policy and kept more conservative policies securing the Northern Industries in place. However this came too late and its effects were too little. The State of Philadelphia declared itself bankrupt in January, 1822, and was followed by New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and the Delaware soon after. Only Ohio and Indiana in the north did not go bankrupt, mostly due to the fact they were more capably administered and the fact that industrialization hadn’t taken particular root on the level that it had in these two states as it did in the other northern states.

The bankruptcy of the northern states saw the states erupt into riots from the population. They believed that the south was leading them to ruin, and that they should seek a better solution. In early 1822, some radicals even called for secession like New England, however these men were quickly stamped down for the most part. The April Riots in 1822 swept through the north, and Calhoun backed down somewhat and managed to pass some mild protectionist policies that did allow the North to come back on track somewhat however the North was still tethering near bankruptcy and the American nation was quickly becoming divided.

However what was perhaps the most humiliating thing for the northern states was that the new states being entered into the Union were consistently being admitted as Slave States, and without a majority the northern states weren’t able to do much about it.

The State of Missouri alongside Arkansas was admitted into the Union of the United States on August 10th, 1822 after a yearlong debate about it. The Northern States screamed that Missouri or Arkansas, one among the two, would have to become a free state, however the Southern controlled Congress and Senate would not even hear it. And with the backing of Calhoun, who backed the southerners, Missouri and Arkansas were admitted into the Union as a slave state and Calhoun signed the document of accession on August 10th. This created widespread fury in the north, and this in turn created investors in the north losing confidence in the northern economy as the population turned angry once again. This caused the stock exchange of the north to fall by a massive amount of points, and this in turn made the northern states tether on bankruptcy just when they had started to recover properly. As such radicalism grew once again.

Slaves from the south crossed states borders into the north trying to flee their horrible lives and to live freely in obscurity. In the north they found many helpers and they allowed the slaves to escape their lives, where they fled into Mishigama, New England and the British North American Colonies. In Mishigama, most of the escaped slaves were sent to British North America, however a small amount of them would settle down in the capital city of Shikaawa and would lead to the growth of the minority population in Shikaawa which we today call African-Native Americans, which represent around 4% of the population of Shikaawa in 2016.

Nonetheless, this new economic crisis and the admission of Missouri and Arkansas as slave states made the situation in the north and the public opinion even worse. In the south, the agrarian culture and the people flourished, and in the north they suffered. The south was quickly becoming the economically prosperous part of the nation, whilst the north was becoming the poor and backburner portion of the country.

It also didn't help that Calhoun's policy of expelling natives into Mishigama constantly clogged up transportation sector which further complicated things a lot.

A new legislation in October 1823 allowed for slave hunters to be allowed in all states of America to capture escaped slaves, and this caused widespread anger, and this time Calhoun, who had shown himself to be at least slightly compromising, did not compromise. He defended slavery stating that it was a harsh but beautiful reality, much to the disgust of many.

In February 1824, the delegates of the states of Ohio, Indiana, New York, Philadelphia, Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey met with one another in the Convention of Albany. And the situation was precarious. The convention discussed led by governor DeWitt Clinton of New York stated that,

The time is now. We shall rest and look for the results of the elections of 1824. Should it not be in our favor, gentlemen, I need not tell you that this means a radical solution is needed.

A former federalist sympathizer who had turned Whig after the War of 1812, the man was correct. In the 1824 Elections, Calhoun and Jackson were re-elected to the position of President and Vice President.

DeWitt Clinton. ​

In March 1st, 1825, the State of New York declared secession from the Union, soon followed by Philadelphia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Ohio and Indiana by March 15th. On March 26th, 1825, all the independent states now proclaimed the Federation of America, and declared themselves severed from America, citing the multiple grievances that the north had with the now largely southern ran United States of America.

On March 29th, Calhoun and Jackson had fled to Richmond, Virginia where they made a ‘Cabinet in Crisis’ and declared the secession to be ‘null, void and illegal and merely states in rebellion.’

The Federation President, DeWitt Clinton rejected this, and War was officially declared on April 2nd, 1825. And the American Civil War thus began.” University of Shikaawa, Mishigama, 1888.

***

 

[Sarthak]

it has begun! Thoughts and predictions?

Regarding Carlos - The offer was made OTL, so it is picked up ITTL.
Regarding Portuguese Amazonia - Let's just say Britain funded the Portuguese in Brazil.
Regarding the Americas - Any Predictions for Columbia, Peru and Chile?

 

[Waltzing Brunhilda]

So New England has a colony. Well call me an echidna and roll me in the dirt.

 

[Sarthak]

So New England has a colony. Well call me an echidna and roll me in the dirt.

Very small one though. Worth going war for tho.

 

[CountryUsedToBeBritish]

New England to The Federation, "Welcome, our brothers! Let us prosper far away from those nitwits in the south. Now, what say we hammer our a mutual defense treaty and a trade agreement as well. I'm sure we can get the Brits in on it if we word it right."

 

[Sarthak]

New England to The Federation, "Welcome, our brothers! Let us prosper far away from those nitwits in the south. Now, what say we hammer our a mutual defense treaty and a trade agreement as well. I'm sure we can get the Brits in on it if we word it right."

we'll see about that.

 

[Lusitania]

I did like the update a lot (yes the northern part of Brazil did want to stay with Portugal and a more competent Portuguese government should of been able to keep it. So realistic. the Spanish reconquest is reasonable and Ferdinand must of fallen on his head while in captivity for you have given him a new image. But one I approve.

As for the US or what left of it, oh interesting. I can see the possibility of during the war the British under PM Wellington decide to outlaw slavery and take northern side in the Affair. Putting a blockade on the south which would reck their economy. That a thought. Plus the thought of splintered US makes greater political and military sense to the British.

the Catholic emancipation great move on his part. Allowing the Catholics to migrate and have equal rights in BNA. We could see settlement stretching along the northern plains to what is northern Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota. Even military aid to northern states could result in some additional lands to the west.

 

[Sarthak]

I did like the update a lot (yes the northern part of Brazil did want to stay with Portugal and a more competent Portuguese government should of been able to keep it. So realistic. the Spanish reconquest is reasonable and Ferdinand must of fallen on his head while in captivity for you have given him a new image. But one I approve.

Yeah the north was most sympathetic to Portugal.
Ferdinand VII.....I just tried to make him a little more compromising really.

As for the US or what left of it, oh interesting. I can see the possibility of during the war the British under PM Wellington decide to outlaw slavery and take northern side in the Affair. Putting a blockade on the south which would reck their economy. That a thought. Plus the thought of splintered US makes greater political and military sense to the British.

We'll see. The British may intervene in the war.

the Catholic emancipation great move on his part. Allowing the Catholics to migrate and have equal rights in BNA. We could see settlement stretching along the northern plains to what is northern Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota. Even military aid to northern states could result in some additional lands to the west.

Yes quite. The main argument was the coronation oath OTL, therefore molding it after the death of one monarch would be a clincher!

 

[Herr Frage]

I wonder how Washington and Adams are regarded in the American breakaway states? Or the legacy of the ARW for that matter.

A bit surprised Jefferson hasn't weighed in on event more. I understand Adams never ventured far from his town after leaving the presidency and was happy to sit things out; but Jefferson always struck me as more likely to weigh in if things went as bad as here.

 

[Sarthak]

I wonder how Washington and Adams are regarded in the American breakaway states? Or the legacy of the ARW for that matter.

A bit surprised Jefferson hasn't weighed in on event more. I understand Adams never ventured far from his town after leaving the presidency and was happy to sit things out; but Jefferson always struck me as more likely to weigh in if things went as bad as here.

i do have plans for jefferson to come in the next few chapters on the Civil War though.

 

[Kaiko]

Hah, New Ireland, that's fantastic. I hope that New England follows the trend that the ITL British Empire is going or else we'll have the New Irish Revolution Army. New Éire in Tierra del Fuego is definitely a boon to have pre-Panama Canal and is great for resupplying when shipping towards Asia.

George Cabbot has a point there, New England is going to have to be creative with their colony names or at the very least only use "New [Blank]" names that aren't already used.

Have you thought about New England buying Nova Scotia?The are New England and they just colonized New Ireland, they only need two more pieces of the puzzle for a Commonwealth of New Britain. (Edit, I'm mostly kidding since I doubt Nova Scotians would appreciate it)

Moving on to a reverse Civil War where the north, what's left of it, secedes due to economic mismanagement. I wish then the best but it doesn't look great for them unless they get support from the British.

The states within Federation of America definitely have the spirit and the industrial capabilities but they've been dealing with economic hardships for the last few years and probably aren't self sufficient when it comes to food.

Their best bet is to hold off the US during the initial push and make a deal with Britain and New England for food imports so that the Federation have time to switch their industry towards producing war supplies.

Great to see more from this thread, hope to see more.

 

[Sarthak]

Hah, New Ireland, that's fantastic. I hope that New England follows the trend that the ITL British Empire is going or else we'll have the New Irish Revolution Army. New Éire in Tierra del Fuego is definitely a boon to have pre-Panama Canal and is great for resupplying when shipping towards Asia

Well, a canal may be too early but we will see.

Have you thought about New England buying Nova Scotia?The are New England and they just colonized New Ireland, they only need two more pieces of the puzzle for a Commonwealth of New Britain. (Edit, I'm mostly kidding since I doubt Nova Scotians would appreciate

Britain would certainly not sell it.

The states within Federation of America definitely have the spirit and the industrial capabilities but they've been dealing with economic hardships for the last few years and probably aren't self sufficient when it comes to food.

Their best bet is to hold off the US during the initial push and make a deal with Britain and New England for food imports so that the Federation have time to switch their industry towards producing war supplies.

We will see.

 

[Panzerlied]

What madness is this?

 

[Thomas_Wellesley]

In March 1st, 1825, the State of New York declared secession from the Union, soon followed by Philadelphia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Ohio and Indiana by March 15th. On March 26th, 1825, all the independent states now proclaimed the Federation of America, and declared themselves severed from America, citing the multiple grievances that the north had with the now largely southern ran United States of America.

Well, America was fun while it lasted

Great update

 

[Thomas_Wellesley]

What madness is this?

Madness?

THIS! IS! SARTHAKA!

 

[Panzerlied]

Madness?

THIS! IS! SARTHAKA!

I was trying to refer to another story, but this works.

 

[Thomas_Wellesley]

I was trying to refer to another story, but this works.

Oh? Which one?