Chapter 3 Part 3 - Great Patriotic Warlords
The first major offensive in the Soviet Civil War was the reformist's attempt to capture Nizhiy Novgorod. The reformists planned to capture all of the Volga river and basically secure all of land East of the Urals. The hardliners sent a legion of Siberian riflemen to defend the city from the reformist army. The poorly equipped reformist army engaged with the elite riflemen in the city. They lost in the suburbs of the city and were forced to withdraw due to their lack of resources they brought to the offensive. This retreat destroyed any hope for the reformists to take over all land East of the Urals and the gulag guards pledged loyalty to the hardliners after the failed Volga offensive. Despite losing their Volga campaign, the Kazakh campaign was a success, with half of the SSR falling into reformist hands.
Reformist forces retreat from Nizhniy Nivgorod across the Volga, circa 1945
The ethnic groups of the Soviet Union immediately took action to exploit the civil war. OUN nationalists took over village by village and formed a coordinated force. They ultimately declared de facto independence on November 2, 1945. The communist government was loyal to the reformists, with Khrushchev himself being a Ukrainian. Khrushchev was upset at the situation in Ukraine but mainly focused his attention in Central Asia. Reformists forces tactically retreated past the Dnieper River from November-December 1945. Belorussian nationalist attempted to perform an uprising and declared independence in November 7, 1945 but their small militia army couldn't take down the reformist forces. The BFA (Belorussian Freedom Army) signed an alliance with the OUN to help pin down the reformist forces in Belarus. A combined forces of the OUN/BFA managed to strike a series minor victories from November 1945 to January 1946 and turned their struggle into a stalemate.
The Baltic peoples were the first ethnic groups to rise up and declared independence from the Soviet government. In September 14, all three Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania broke away from the Soviet Union. The reformists refused to recognize their independence and attempted to retake them with force in October 1945. The reformists managed to retake half of the land occupied by the new Baltic governments but like in Belarus, the Balts untied as one force in an alliance and was able to pin down the reformist forces. The same situation occurred in the Caucasus, in which Chechens, Georgians, Armenians, and Azeris rose up. To control the ethnic revolts, other more brutal figures in the reformist government used ethnic cleansing and harassment to destroy their will to fight. This technique was successful in the Caucasus and Kazakhstan, with hundreds of villages torches and raped, and no people dared to rise up.
A reformist soldier surveys the ruins of a torched village in Kazakhstan, circa 1945
As the Soviet Civil War raged on, the Poles wanted to regain their land. Already upset at the border changes since the end of WW2, they wanted to launch an expedition into Western Belarus and Ukraine. In October 1945, Polish units cross the Polish-Soviet border on the pretense of creating a "safe" zone for refugees. The Poles showed their true intentions and continued to march and L'viv and Brest fell to the Poles in November 1945. The Poles couldn't continue their expedition by December 1945 due to many reasons. The devastation from WW2 destroyed much of Poland's industry and the Polish army and poorly equipped to continue fighting. The OUN, BFA, and the Lithuanians also resisted Polish troops and forces the Polish offensive into a stalemate. The Finns also launched a minor invasion into North Ingria in October 1945 with success and de facto re-integrated it back into Finland although it would be internationally recognized in 1949. The Turks did also create a "safe" zone in the border in the Soviet border in December 1945, but in truth, it was to keep a watchful eye on the newly independent Armenian state and their war with Azerbaijan.
A Polish bought Sherman tank in the outskirts of Vilnius, circa 1946
In the Caucasus, the entire regions descended into a quagmire of ethnic violence. The reformists also tactically retreat from the violence instead of wasting troops on suppressing the violence in November 1945. The Muslim Caucasus peoples united in an alliance in October 1945 and later in a confederation in December 1945. They were ran by a mix of Islamists and secessionists untied against the Soviets. Georgia managed to break free in November 1945 but Abkhazia declared loyalty to the reformists. In October 1945, Armenia and Azerbaijan both asserted their independence. A few weeks later, the former autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh announces that they will unify with Armenia. The Azeris refused this decision and this began the Azeri-Armenian War. Armenians militias with the support of Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh managed to secure the region from Azeri incursion. Armenian miliats tried to take Nakhchivan to cripple the Azeris but the Turks started to send warnings to the Armenain government. The Turks then signed a mutual assistance pact with the Azeri government and started to send arms to the Azeria, a serious blow to the Armenians. In February 1946, the Azeri-Armeian War started to turn into a stalemate and an armistice was declared.
A tore up town in Nagorno-Karabakh during the Azeri-Armenian War, circa 1945
In Soviet Central Asia, they were not spared the violence of the Soviet Civil War. The communist governors in the four stans crumble and declare independence. Uzbekistan and Tajikistan declared independence in October 1945 and in November 1945, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan declared independence. In the Fergana Vally, random acts of ethnic rioting started to brew in November 1945 and became a sore sport in relations between the four stans, preventing a regional alliance from being created. In Kazakhstan, they had a less fortunate time with independence. Turkmenistan allowed British and Iranian troops to enter their country to protect them from possible foreign aggression. The British accepted and in December 1945, British troops crossed into Turkmenistan and pledged to defend them. The Kazakhs declared independence in October 1945 but reformist forces overthrew the government and it became a battleground between reformist and hardliner forces. Remaining Kazakh independence leader turned themselves into notorious raiders and bandits to sabotage the Soviets. Railroads and supplies were pillaged and even villages were ransacked by them.
A rare photo shows Kazakh bandits in a small gang, circa 1946
The Communist Mongol government was relieved of being a satellite of the Soviet Union but the government de jure was aligned with the hardliners. Communist Mongol troops marched into Tannu Tuva and annexed it in January 1946 due to the low presence of Soviet troops in the region. The hardliners care little, worrying more about the front of the civil war. Mongolia also continued to build up their military in the ever looming threat of the Chinese returning. With the Maoist Insurgency in China, the Mongols gambled all of the chips that it would destabilize China enough that they would be able to nab some land from China and form a pan-Mongol communist state, though this is just a pipe dream. The Far East was under reformist rule, in part of the pro-Khrushchev governor in the region, and they managed secure a large portion of Siberia in December 1945. The Amur region would be lost to an expedition force launched by the Americans to help lay the foundations of a free Russian Republic in March 1946. In April 1945, the Russian Republic was proclaimed in the Far East and was founded by Russian White emigres in exile in America.
The Russian Republic's proclamation in Vladivostok, circa 1945
In the hardliner held territory of the Soviet Union, things were looking very poor. A string of gulag revolts broke out throughout the Urals and Siberia from October 1945 until July 1946 before the intervention. These revolts were caused due to rampant starvation and horrible treatment by gulag guards to the inmates. In POW camps, some of the former Germans POWs escaped and relied on being bandits to survive or ironically, were hired as mercenaries by the hardliners to fight reformist forces. Most other inmates, political prisoners of minor criminals started to get liquidated by hardliner guards. Starting in December 1945 and lasting until July 1946, nearly 100,000 gulag prisoners were shot and executed en masse by guards. This was effective in stopping gulag revolts from breaking out.
A mass grave uncovered in which hundreds of prisoners were shot and buried, circa early 1950s
The food situation was also very dire. The only port city, Leningrad, was under constant siege by reformist forces and already, the infrastructure of European Russia was in total ruins. The farmlands was also a wasteland and the collectivization system collapsed when the civil war began. Food no longer came into Russian cities and villages and the seeds of a colossal famine on the scale of the 1932-1933 famine was planted. In late 1945, the famine began in Central Asia and thousand lied dead in the ruins of the Soviet cities, starved to death. Another catastrophe was also looming, the Soviet water system was already totally damaged and toxic dirty water was supplied to many Soviet villages and cities. A cholera outbreak spread like wildfire in Central Russia in early 1946 and even more perished.
A rare photo taking in Moscow showing how overcrowded the hospitals are, beds had to be placed outside to treat the cholera victims, circa 1946
The hardliners covered up the cholera outbreak and tried their best to censure it from Western journalists. Despite their best efforts, reports arrived in London and Washington about a huge humanitarian crisis in Russia and how the faction give little a damn about the suffering. There were also rumors that the foreign aid sent to relieve the famine and cholera outbreak was stolen and used by the soldiers. The civil war was already sparking fear in the Western world, last time they let the first civil war go naturally with minor intervention, led to the Bolsheviks securing power and the rise of Stalin and his tyranny. Churchill was the most obsessed with an intervention, fearing that if the hardliners win, the future sake of world peace is at stake. The Americans agreed with Churchill and prepared for a full scale intervention in summer of 1946 on the pretense of a humanitarian peace mission to help the Russian people.
*Since I ran out of room to attach photos,
here is the map of the Soviet Civil War in Spring of 1946