The World at War: 1939-1945
Chapter 2 Part 6 - The Great Offensive
The German grip on Europe was slowly slipping. For years, the German war machine seemed to be unstoppable, that is until now. The allied offensives in Italy and the Battle of Stalingrad was proving this. In Italy, Mussolini's regime was on edge. Low morale in the Italian army was costing them dearly in the war effort and the anti-axis faction had enough of Mussolini. In 1943, the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, officially sacked Mussolini from his position as leader and he was arrested by anti-fascist police. Italy fell under a pro-allied government and they withdrew form the axis and to the allies. Pro-Mussolini factions backed by the Nazis revolted and attempted to take back Mussolini and kick our the "traitors" in Rome. The pro-Mussolini factions had little support from the Italian populous and many Italians barricaded the streets of Rome and fought against the fascists. The attempted fascist takeover was thwarted.
A devastated street in Rome after the Battle of Rome during the coup, circa 1943
With a pro-allied government in Italy, allied forces landed troops with permission. The Germans were enraged by the Italian betrayal and initiated an invasion of North Italy. German troops and allies troops faced contact in Tuscany and fought each other. Due to the mountainous terrain, the German utilized the forts and mountains to bog down the allies offensive and hold them down. The Germans were ruthless against the local Italian population and placed them under strict military occupation. The Germans even annexed chunks of Italy for punishment.
German soldiers apprehend an Italian partisan, Italy, circa 1943
The British also planned an offensive into the Balkans due to the weak German presence in Greece. In mid 1943, British marines landed in the Dodecanese Islands and, surprisingly, faced stiff German resistance. The Germans garrisons eventually capitulated after months of fighting and empty of resources, but in the meanwhile, the British successful landed troops in Greece. Most of Greece fell to the advancing allied forces relatively quickly and within months, all of Greece was liberated. This was mostly in part due to Greek partisan collaboration with allied forces and partisan sabotage of German supply routes and leaking German military information to the allies.
American soldiers fight in Thessaloniki, circa 1943
After all of Greece fell to the allies, the allies continued their advance into the Balkans. Bulgaria decided to switch sides to the allies, which greatly helped the Balkan Campaign. The allies also heavily supplied the very effective Yugoslav partisans to help them clear a way in the Western Balkan region. Allies troops para trooped into Yugoslav partisans held territory and fought off German and collaborator forces. This was very effective, with Serbia and most of Croatia being liberated by allies forces. Hitler was forced to withdraw troops from the Eastern Front to fight the allied forces in the Balkans, helping the Soviets catch a breath. After German re-reinforcements arrived, they managed to stop the offensive but by this point, the allies were turning the tide against the Axis.
Allied troops on a German destroyed bridge in Bosnia, circa 1943
In the Eastern Front, the Soviets also managed to score a victory after years of occupation and losing to the Germans. The Battle of Stalingrad finally concluded in a Soviet victory in part due to the allied support the Soviets received. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the most hard fought battle in world history, with both sides being fanatic to take the city for themselves. With the Germans on the run, the victory helped to boost the Soviet government image somewhat better among the Soviet people. The Germans retreated from South Russia and into occupied Ukraine. The Soviets tried to take Ukraine but was against defeated by the Germans in a counterattack.
German POWs after capture the victory at Stalingrad, circa 1943
The Soviets attempted to dislodge the Germans from Moscow but fierce German resistance and a weak Soviet army was in no shape to liberate Moscow. The Second Battle of Moscow also was a bloody slog for the Soviets and Western allies alike, with house to house combat. Moscow was a battle torn mess during the Second Battle of Moscow, with many Russian symbols such as the Kremlin and St. Basil's cathedral razed by German forces or destroyed during allies bombing campaigns by accident. The Second Battle of Moscow would continue until 1944.
Europe 1943 after the allied Mediterranean Campaign and the Soviet offensives in the East
The German grip on Europe was slowly slipping. For years, the German war machine seemed to be unstoppable, that is until now. The allied offensives in Italy and the Battle of Stalingrad was proving this. In Italy, Mussolini's regime was on edge. Low morale in the Italian army was costing them dearly in the war effort and the anti-axis faction had enough of Mussolini. In 1943, the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, officially sacked Mussolini from his position as leader and he was arrested by anti-fascist police. Italy fell under a pro-allied government and they withdrew form the axis and to the allies. Pro-Mussolini factions backed by the Nazis revolted and attempted to take back Mussolini and kick our the "traitors" in Rome. The pro-Mussolini factions had little support from the Italian populous and many Italians barricaded the streets of Rome and fought against the fascists. The attempted fascist takeover was thwarted.
A devastated street in Rome after the Battle of Rome during the coup, circa 1943
With a pro-allied government in Italy, allied forces landed troops with permission. The Germans were enraged by the Italian betrayal and initiated an invasion of North Italy. German troops and allies troops faced contact in Tuscany and fought each other. Due to the mountainous terrain, the German utilized the forts and mountains to bog down the allies offensive and hold them down. The Germans were ruthless against the local Italian population and placed them under strict military occupation. The Germans even annexed chunks of Italy for punishment.
German soldiers apprehend an Italian partisan, Italy, circa 1943
The British also planned an offensive into the Balkans due to the weak German presence in Greece. In mid 1943, British marines landed in the Dodecanese Islands and, surprisingly, faced stiff German resistance. The Germans garrisons eventually capitulated after months of fighting and empty of resources, but in the meanwhile, the British successful landed troops in Greece. Most of Greece fell to the advancing allied forces relatively quickly and within months, all of Greece was liberated. This was mostly in part due to Greek partisan collaboration with allied forces and partisan sabotage of German supply routes and leaking German military information to the allies.
American soldiers fight in Thessaloniki, circa 1943
After all of Greece fell to the allies, the allies continued their advance into the Balkans. Bulgaria decided to switch sides to the allies, which greatly helped the Balkan Campaign. The allies also heavily supplied the very effective Yugoslav partisans to help them clear a way in the Western Balkan region. Allies troops para trooped into Yugoslav partisans held territory and fought off German and collaborator forces. This was very effective, with Serbia and most of Croatia being liberated by allies forces. Hitler was forced to withdraw troops from the Eastern Front to fight the allied forces in the Balkans, helping the Soviets catch a breath. After German re-reinforcements arrived, they managed to stop the offensive but by this point, the allies were turning the tide against the Axis.
Allied troops on a German destroyed bridge in Bosnia, circa 1943
In the Eastern Front, the Soviets also managed to score a victory after years of occupation and losing to the Germans. The Battle of Stalingrad finally concluded in a Soviet victory in part due to the allied support the Soviets received. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the most hard fought battle in world history, with both sides being fanatic to take the city for themselves. With the Germans on the run, the victory helped to boost the Soviet government image somewhat better among the Soviet people. The Germans retreated from South Russia and into occupied Ukraine. The Soviets tried to take Ukraine but was against defeated by the Germans in a counterattack.
German POWs after capture the victory at Stalingrad, circa 1943
The Soviets attempted to dislodge the Germans from Moscow but fierce German resistance and a weak Soviet army was in no shape to liberate Moscow. The Second Battle of Moscow also was a bloody slog for the Soviets and Western allies alike, with house to house combat. Moscow was a battle torn mess during the Second Battle of Moscow, with many Russian symbols such as the Kremlin and St. Basil's cathedral razed by German forces or destroyed during allies bombing campaigns by accident. The Second Battle of Moscow would continue until 1944.
Europe 1943 after the allied Mediterranean Campaign and the Soviet offensives in the East