The Grey Revolution

Chapter 1: A New Home
The Revolution of 1848 causes upheaval through out Europe. Liberal forces collide with Conservative forces in Western & Central Europe. After months of hardships monarchs, most notably the King of Prussia are forced to abdicate in favor of new forms of government. Once noble families along with their supporters flee to the New World mostly the United States; where they resettle into the conservative southern part of the country where slavery is accepted. These refugees are welcomed opened armed by the planter-elite and the southern populace and begin to assimilate into American culture, and in doing so share their stories with their new neighbors of liberal agitators bent on destroying their peaceful way of life.
 
Mexican American War
Chapter 2: Mexican American War
Following the occupation of Mexico City by the United States forced under Major General Winfield Scott a New Mexican government was finally forced to the negotiating table. At first Mexican negotiators would only acknowledge the acceptance of Texas annexation by the United States, but not the Rio Grande as the border with Mexico. After months of of foot dragging President Polk sacked the diplomat Nicholas Trist. In his place instructed Mississippi politician turned soldier Major General John Quitman to take over the negotiations.

Quitman a firm believer in Manifest Destiny dreamed of annexing the whole country of Mexico into the United States. He made sure his counterparts from a Mexico knew of his ideals, and forced the diplomats into seclusion into an hacienda on the outskirts of the capital city. With threats of taking the whole country to placing Santa Anna back in control of the government Quitman was able to have a deal agreed upon by New Years Eve 1847. The United States would gain the following:
Alto California
Baja California
Nuevo Mexico
Sonora
Chihuahua
Nuevo Leon
Coahuila
Tamaulipas
Mexico received the following:
$25 million
$3 million in debt owed to United States citizens from Mexico

The treaty would be ratified by the US Senate 36 to 16 on March 10, 1848. With the fight on the battlefield the a United States now turned to another struggle. The political debate to decide the fate of the hard won territories. Both political parties the Democrats and the Whigs would put forth ideas, and the a Presidential Elections of 1848 now took center stage.
 
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Election of 1848
Chapter 3: Election of 1848
With the end of the war with Mexico and news filtering into the states of the revolutions developing in Europe the American people would have to elect a new President. The current President James K. Polk vowed to serve only one term, and was determined to keep his promise even though the Democratic Party tried desperately to convince him otherwise.

The man that both major political parties wanted to nominate (Democrat’s &Whigs) was Zachary Taylor. While serving in the Army Taylor never showed any signs as to his political beliefs, nor voted on them. Leading up to the Whig nomination former Whig Presidential candidate Henry Clay became obsessed with defeating Taylor for the nomination. Clay began to blame Taylor for the death of his son Henry Clay Jr who had served under Taylor during the recent war with Mexico. In the end Taylor’s own words and actions would defeat him. Taylor let it be know that he was neither Whig or Democrat and was above party affiliation. In the end the Whigs selected Thomas Corwin of Ohio for President and John J Crittenden of Kentucky for Vice President.
The Democrats for their part had no front runner. Going into their convention their main candidates were: Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, Associate Justice Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire, and former Major General John Quitman of Mississippi. After the first ballot Cass led the balloting. It was during the second balloting that freshman Senator of Mississippi Jefferson Davis nominated Zachary Taylor for president. Davis who had married one Taylor’s daughter but lost her during a yellow fever outbreak early in their marriage, was seen as a secret surrogate for Taylor. By the third ballot Taylor had secured the two-third votes needed for the nomination. To help balance the ticket the Democrats nominated Daniel Dickinson of New York.

The Whigs labeled Taylor vulgar, uneducated, cruel, & greedy doing whatever it took to gain power. They labeled him as a puppet of the slave aristocracy. Taylor and the Democrats repeated, as they had for many years, their opposition to a national bank, high tariffs, and federal subsidies for local improvements. Democrats had prosecuted the war to victory, and deserved another term.
On November 7, 1848 the citizens of the United States went to the polls and elected Zachary Taylor in a landslide. Taylor and the Democrats believed they had a mandate from the people.
 
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California Compromise
Chapter 4: California Compromise
Gold!


With the discovery of gold in California at Sutter’s
Mill in late January 1858 set off a massive dash of settlers heading west. Over night some 300,000 pioneers headed toward the west coast by ship and by wagon train looking to get rich. Few would find riches, but many strikes out and eventually settled in California.

President Taylor first piece of legislation began to deal with the California issue. With help from Speaker of the House Howell Cobb and a Democratic control Senate the President proposed that Texas would cede some of their territory in exchange for the federal government assuming their former nations debt. The Missouri Compromise would be extended to the Pacific with the lands above the 36 30 degree parallel becoming the Free State if North California , and the lands below the line joining with Baja California to become the state of South California.
To deal with the rest of the lands taken from Mexico a commission would be established to set territorial boundaries. Once new territories were established money would be granted to help educate the Hispanic population to learn English and become citizens.
Finally Congress passed the Oregon Homestead Act that paved the way for settlement of the Oregon Territory. President Zachary Taylor preached that equal admittance was the only way to handle the slavery issue.
 
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Taylor’s Presidency
Chapter 5: Taylor’s Presidency
Following the passage of the California Compromise Democratic Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi proposed to divided the Mexican Concessions into the following:
Utah Territory: The follower of Brigham Young we’re allowed to continue their religious belief within the confines of the new territory. This was in thanks for their assistance during the conflict with Mexico.
New Mexico Territory: The land dispute was resolved with Texas in the California Compromise. With a high number of hostile natives additional regiments of US soldiers were needed to help protect the territories citizens.
Sonoma Territory: The former Mexican state would retain its borders. With its slight population few soldiers would be needed.
Chihuahua Territory: The former Mexican state would retain its former boundaries
Coahuila Territory: The former Mexican state would retain its borders, and with its ties to anti- Mexican politicians these inhabitants began to assimilate into American culture faster than others
Rio Grande: Formed from the ashes of the failed nation state the former Mexican states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas were joined together

On domestic issues Taylor granted government subsidies to help foster railroad development. Southern Democrats pushed through both houses of Congress a Fugitive Slave Law that required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Northern Whigs and Abolitionist became enraged and openly flaunted their contempt for the law.

On foreign issues England and the United States held talks about the situation developing on Continental Europe, and hopes of keeping it there.
By far Taylor’s greatest achievement was the purchase of the island of Cuba from Spain. By 1850 with filibusters fighting on the island under Narcio Lopez, and fears of the revolutions wrecking havoc in France and Germany. Spain decided to offer to sell the island to the United States. Taylor and his Secretary of State Lewis Cass jumped upon the offer before any other nation like England could make an offer. After all negotiations were finished Spain sold Cuba for $8 million. Plus an agreement of establishing a military mission to help train the Spanish Army.

After serving four years President Taylor decided to forgo another term in office. In his eyes section discord had been averted, but in the north many saw Taylor as another extension of slavery’s hold on the national government.
 
1852: The Year of Stability
Chapter 6: 1852 The Year of Stability
By 1852 Europe becoming stable again thanks to the alliance of the Two Emperors: Frank Joseph of Austria & Czar Nicholas of Russia. Their combined armies crushed Polish & Hungarian Revolutions, and propped up the Catholic Kingdoms of Southern Germany. After fours years of fighting the German Revolutionary Government of Karl Schapper agrees your a peace treaty, much to the annoyance of fellow revolutionary leaders Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels who wanted to spread their form of revolution throughout Europe.
Even though the fighting in Central Europe had subsided the fighting in Western Europe continued. In France the Paris mob desiring more freedoms overthrew King Louis Philippe and in it’s placed declared the Second Republic. Following a shaky interim government where French soldiers were recalled from Algiers Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected President. With dreams of bringing former glory to France Bonaparte declares himself emperor in 1852. To help bring stability French troops assist Austrian troops in protecting the Papal States and the Pope himself. The fighting continues for another two years on Italian soil fighting against Italian Nationalists.
In Spain the Army loyal to the Spanish crown was assisted by members of the American Expedition of Advisors. This team of advisors led by Colonel Joseph E. Johnston contained many future participants of the conflict between North & South including: James Longstreet, D.H. Hill, Ulysses Grant, George Meade, Philip Kearny, & Richard Ewell. These officers were hailed in high regard by their Spanish counterparts, and by the Spanish people.
With 1852 coming to an end one more event needed to take place and that was the US Presidential Election of 1852.
 
Election of 1852
Chapter 7: Election of 1852
The Whigs were the first to gather and nominate their candidate, but this would be the first convention where Henry Clay was not in contention. Ailing and nearing his end Clay announced that was giving his full support to former General of the Army Winfield Scott. Scott who had resigned over a dispute with President Taylor over Cuba annexation, moved to New Jersey and planned his presidential run.
Facing off against Scott was Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts & Senator James Pearce of Maryland. Many of the heads of the party wanted a military hero, and as having no previous political baggage Scott soon became the logical nomination after a dozen ballots. For his Vice-President former Representative of Missouri Edward Bates was chosen as his running mate.
With the announce of only serving one term there was a scramble to prospects for the presidency. That increased even more once Bice President Daniel Dickinson announced his plans to not seek the nomination and return to his lucrative law practice. By the time of the Democratic convention there were six candidates for the presidency: Secretary of War William Marcy of New York, former Secretary of State James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, Secretary of State Lewis Cass of Michigan, Senator Sam Houston of Texas, & Governor John Quitman of Mississippi.
For the first ten ballots Cass was in the lead, but by the eleventh Marcy & Buchanan became tied. Cass was the first to drop out throwing his support to Marcy. By the twentieth ballot Quitman released his supports after seeing no clear path ahead. These supporters went to Buchanan as his support was based mainly in Pennsylvania and the south. Even with that a two-thirds majority was out of reach. Finally Stephen Douglas seeing the writing on the wall threw his support to William Marcy. By the 35th ballot Marcy was named to nominee. In a gesture to Buchanan Alabama Senator William King is nominated for Vice President.

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From left to right: Cass, Buchanan, & Marcy
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From left to right: Douglas, Houston, & Quitman

The election of 1852 would be the lowest turnout since 1836. Both major political parties campaigned on roughly the same issues. Scott tried to use his military experience to his advantage, but President Taylor went out and supported Marcy. Southern Whigs stopped Northern Whigs from pushing against the expansion of slavery. This in turn forced some Northern Whigs to join the Free-Soil Party under Former President Martin Van Buren.
Scott’s anti-slavery stance would later hurt him in the south as Marcy would continue Taylor’s approach of balance admittance bringing moderates over to his side. Marcy and King would win the popular vote and secure 28 out of the 32 states. Scott could claim Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont, & Massachusetts. In the aftermath of this colossal defeat the Whig party would begin to unravel.
 
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Filibusters
Chapter 8: Filibusters
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Narciso Lopez

Seeing the success of López adventure in Cuba many Southerners look to use the filibuster technique again. With Cuba secured one man in particular began to play around with the idea of forming a secret organization to help spread southern control over Central and South America. In late December 1852 Mississippi Governor John Quitman was elected “General” of the Knights of the Golden Circle. Quitman knew that President Taylor had turned a blind eye to Lopez’s actions, even turning it into a great success for the nation, but incoming President Marcy was lukewarm to the principle of filibustering. Marcy’ position was that the United States contained enough land to keep the country busy for the next 50yrs. There was no need to acquire more.
After assuming office on March 4, 1853 President Marcy instructed his Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to inform his fellow Mississippian to stay out of other nations affairs. Marcy had instructed his a Secretary of State James Buchanan to work out a deal with England in regards To tension in Central America.
In June President Marcy was on his way out of Washington when his train was derailed dozens died in the crash including the President. William King was sworn in as the 14th President of the United States. The new President took a different view of the filibusters. King knew that England faced unrest with German revolutionary agents trotting the globe creating mischief. When President Fruto Perez of the Conservative Party of Nicaragua asked the United States for assistance, Secretary of State James Buchanan who did not want to get involved in internal issues of another government suggested to President King the idea of Quitman organization.

While Quitman was planning to gather a group of some 500 “colonists” to go to Nicaragua President King died of complications of tuberculosis on August 17th, 1853. According to the rules of Presidential Succession of 1792 the Pro Temp of the Senate was next in line. On August 18, 1853 David R. Atchison of Missouri was sworn in the 15th President of the United States.
The nation mourned the loss of another president. Northern politicians feared a Atchison Presidency as he was an avowed Fire-Eater and believed in the quest of Manifest Destiny, and the desire to conquer all of Central and South America to expand slavery.

Quitman was given the green light, and departed from ports of New Orleans, and Mobile. Quitman’s Brigade as it was called brought veterans from the Mexican-American War, Lopez’s Cuban Adventure, and immigrants from Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia.
The civil war that Quitman was entertaining was a fight against Liberal and Conservative forces. Quitman with the backing of President Pérez campaign against the Liberal forces under Patricio Rivas. Quitman Soon went to work routing Liberal forces at the First Battle of Rivas, and then “liberating” the city of León effectively ending the war for awhile.
Using President Pérez as a puppet Quitman, with the backing of New York businessmen like Cornelius Vanderbilt essentially took over the government. By 1854 Quitman was made Vice-President and with the President’s backing sent a request for Nicaragua to be annex by the United States.

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John Brown
Chapter 9: John Brown (Part 1)
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With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act many Abolitionist began to raise volunteer groups to combat federal agents looking to reclaim runaway slaves. One such person is John Brown of Springfield, Massachusetts. By the early 1840’s Brown had already declared his vow to battle slavery unto his death.
On March 17, 1855 Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner began a two day oratory on the “Rape of Nicaragua “. Days before Senators Stephen Douglas of Illinois and Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina authored the Nicaraguan Annexation Bill. Summer now attacked they publicly. “The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator.”
Summer also mocked Butler in his speaking ability, which had been impeded by a recent stroke. This caused South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina, Butler’s cousin, to retaliate.
Brooks attacked Sumner on the Senate floor after Sumner refused to apologize. Beating his almost to death with a walking cane.
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This incident along with the southern entanglement in Nicaragua with a Southern Fire-Eater in the White House that the people didn’t vote for brought Brown into a militant circle of the abolitionist movement. With financial backers Brown gathered volunteers and went to Central America to fight the Slave Power.
 
Presidency of David Rice Atchison
Chapter 10: Presidency of David Rice Atchison
The swearing in of David R. Atchison as the 15th President of the United States coincided with the realignment of political parties. Disenfranchised Southern Whigs left the now dead Whig party for the Democratic Party. Northern Whigs and Free-Soil party members began to join two new political parties the American Party & the Republican Party. Both would make gains in the 1854 Mid-term elections. Causing concern for Democratic Party leaders. President Atchison’s support for the Nicaragua Annexation Bill and the resulting attack on Senator Sumner galvanized northern support against the Democratic Party.
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15th President of the United State David Rice Atchison.

With the help from Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas Atchison proposed the establishment of the Kansas & Nebraska Territories. Following the rules of the Missouri Compromise both would be considered free territories. Atchison desire was for the benefit of his home state of Missouri and the railroad companies as debate was being waged in the US Senate for government funding of a Trans-Continental Railroad. President Atchison lobbied for a Chicago-St. Louis - San Francisco route across the continent while others mainly southerns lobbied for a Houston-El Paso- San Diego. In the end the backers of the Chicago terminus would win out and President Atchison would sign the bill on the last couple of days in office.
On the foreign front Commodore Matthew Perry returned from the Far East after being dispatched by President Taylor. Perry’s report showed that gunboat diplomacy had forced Japan ports opened to American goods. Also Perry reported on potential American islands for occupation like Formosa and the Ryuku Islands. Perry’s tales of further western ambition soon caught the attention of influential members of Congress.
With his term ending and wanting a term in his own right Atchison tried to gather support for the 1856 Democratic National Convention.
 
German Americans (Forty-Eighters)
Chapter 11: German Americans
The term forty-eighter refers to a person of German decent that fled Germany after the Revolution of 1848. The nobility wasn’t the only people that were effected once the Socialist Republic of Germany came to power, wealthy business men to small business owners pulled up stakes and left their homeland.
German exiles began to sprout up in The Chesapeake Area of Eastern Maryland, Delaware, and Eastern Seaboard of Virginia. The Royal House of Hohenzollern took up residence in Texas helping to settle the wild frontier and the sprawling port of Galveston where German arms manufacturer Johann Nicholas von Dreyse, inventor of the Dreyse needle gun, moved his bolt action rifle.
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Johann Nicholas von Dreyse

Alfred Krupp transplanted his entire operations to the outside of the German-Community in New Orleans. The future city of Krupp, Louisiana still holds the headquarters of the Krupp Arms Manufacturing.
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Alfred Krupp

Prussian Junkers like Otto von Bismarck moved to New Orleans and after buying a sugar plantation, and slaves to work it, moved into local politics as a Democrat eventually winning a seat in the US House of Representatives. Bismarck will associate with the Fire-Eaters during the Secession Crisis.
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Otto von Bismarck

Many German Americans also joined filibuster operations to Nicaragua. Helmuth von Moltke & Albrecht von Roon raised former Prussian soldiers to volunteer, and served distinctly in Central America. Gaining a powerful backer in the John Quitman.
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Albrecht von Roon
Helmuth von Moltke
 
Election of 1856
Chapter 12: Election of 1856
With the utter destruction of the Whig party two new political parties moved to try and fill the void. The American Nativist Party or Know-Nothings was a party based solely one one major issue: immigration. With the south seeing an influx of immigration that would eventually help their cause of settling more land as slave owners. The nativist party elders decided to ignore the issue of slavery all together.The forty-eighters were in no way a threat for low paying jobs, but instead investors, landowners, and businessmen pushing the southern economy forward.
The Know-Nothings saw their largest support in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions of the US. By the time of their first convention there were a few Congressmen and even elected a governor in Massachusetts, Henry Gardiner.

When the Know-Nothing Party convened on February 22, 1856 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania they hoped to build off their stunning 1854 midterm elections. Going into the convention three men were seen as front runners: Massachusetts Governor Henry Gardiner, former Commodore and Mexican-American War hero Robert Stockton, and former Senator John M. Clayton of Delaware. After three days of tumultuous bartering, haggling, and arguing the Party settled upon Commodore Robert Stockton as their candidate with Steamboat entrepreneur from New York George Law.
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Robert Stockton & George Law

The Republican Party met on June 17th in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Republican Party was bringing together elements of The Free-Soil Party members, former Whigs, Abolitionist, & Anti-Slavery Know-Knothings. The main contenders for the nomination were Senator from North California John C. Frémont, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court John McLean of Ohio, Senator from New York William H. Steward, & former Congressman from Pennsylvania David Wilmot. The Republican platform called for admission of free states immediately (not waiting for slave state admissions) in contradiction of the Taylor Doctrine, stopping the spread of slavery, defeating Nicaraguan annexation, and end of polygamy in Mormon settlements in Utah Territory.
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John C. Frémont, John McLean, William Steward, David Wilmot.

Seward was the first to concede even before the nomination took place throwing his support behind Frémont, McLean’s own campaign manager tried to concede his support for his candidate but Congressman Thaddeus Stevens forced it back into contention losing more support with the fiasco. By the fourth ballot Frémont was nominated with David Wilmot as his running mate.

The Democratic Party still stunned by its drubbing in the 1854 midterms went into the nominations determined to jettison Atchison from the top spot on the ticket. Three main candidates emerged: Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois had the support of the powerful railroads and many northern democrats that wanted to check the power of the southern expansionists. Former Secretary of State and recently elected Senator from Pennsylvania James Buchanan had a solid backing from his home state and southern members of the party. President David R. Atchison desired his own term, and worked with anyone who could get him the nomination.
The balloting began with Buchanan holding a solid lead, but not the two-thirds needed to secure the nomination. Atchison gained momentum as favorite son candidates soon dropped out, but it was Stephen Douglas who at 43yrs old decided 1856 was not his year, and with assurances from Buchanan’s managers of support in 1860 Douglas dropped out and supported Buchanan. Thus Buchanan became the nominee. To bring balance to the ticket Kentucky Congressman John C. Breckinridge was nominated for Vice-President.
The Democratic platform called for the continuation of the Taylor Doctrine, Nicaraguan Annexation, and the building of a Nicaragua Canal to help spur westward expansion.
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Campaign poster of Buchanan and Breckinridge

The Republicans campaigned on the slogan “Free Soil, Free Men, Free Press, Free Speech, and Frémont”. The Know-Nothings ranted about immigration, and a secret papal canal to overtake the United States. The Democrats campaigned on a solid Union, peace, and expansion.
The results told a fantastic story the Know-Nothing party captured the state of Massachusetts and Delaware. The republican party took the rest of New England plus New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. The Democrats took the solid south, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, both of the California’s, and the battle ground states of Indiana & Illinois. With the popular vote and the elector college secured James Buchanan became the 16th President of the United States.
 
Nice Timeline here funny that after all the changes it all down to Buchanan again. In OTL he wasn't up to the task at had maybe he will fair better here maybe either way. I'm subscribed
 
John Brown
Chapter 13: John Brown Part 2
The New England Aid Society was a secret abolitionist military society that planned to fight slavery’s extension into Central America. The first group of volunteers arrived in Costa Rica in late October 1855 among them was a John Brown and four of his sons. In command of a group of 110 men Brown now called “Captain” Brown joined another group of abolitionist under Jim Lane of Indiana.
By this time the countries of Costa Rico, Guatemalan, El Salvador, and Honduras declared war upon Nicaragua in hopes of throwing out the American Filibusters. The abolitionist volunteers were accepted warily. Fearful of a “Yankee” double cross. Together with the Central American Armies they invaded Nicaragua.
It was at the Second Battle of Rivas where the Filibuster/Nicaraguan Army under the command of Helmuth von Moltke with the help of being armed with the Dreyse Needle Rifle that made Moltke’s small force double its rate of fire, and routed the invading Costa Rican army. It was the rearguard action of John Brown and his men that bought vital time for the Costa Rican Army under a Jose Porras.
After the defeat Brown and his men turned away from conventional fighting and turned to guerrilla style of fighting. This intensified once Nicaraguan forces invaded Costa Rica.
Journalist John L. Sullivan wrote stories for Harper’s Weekly that depicted the gruesome beheading of Nicaraguan soldiers by Brown and his men. The telling of John Brown’s brutal killing of three captured soldiers told from eyewitness accounts stunned the Southern Populace, and worried many northern democrats even President elect James Buchanan.
Southern politicians now doubled down on the need to annex Nicaragua and bring peace and stability to the land.
 
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Nice Timeline here funny that after all the changes it all down to Buchanan again. In OTL he wasn't up to the task at had maybe he will fair better here maybe either way. I'm subscribed
Was torn between Buchanan, Cass, and possibly Pierce. Knew it had to be a northerner
 
Interesting how Nicaragua has become a proxy war for the two sides. The question now is what state will be brought in to counteract Nicaragua, as presumably it’s entering as a slave state.
 
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