Time for a Change
At the dawn of the 1930s, people around the world were getting jobless and becoming desperate. Many look to politicians that would lead them out of the present darkness. In the communist world, the effects of the great depression were very minimal due to those countries not being tied to the financial markets of the world. In the capitalist states, the fact that they weren’t suffering made communism look like a good alternative to whatever hardship they were suffering right now.
Germany
With the economy in shambles, the German government under Gustav Stresemann enacted emergency measures. A series of measures, advocated by the head of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht, was implemented to jumpstart the economy by boosting demand. Parts of this plan included bailing out the Junker estates as they were too big to fail, an ‘Investitionsprogramm’ where a series of public works programs were kickstarted to lower unemployment, and a trade agreement with Poland that would tie the nations closer together.
In 1932, Germany went to the polls and returned an SDP majority. Otto Wels became chancellor after Stresemann and went on a different course. Estates that haven't recovered from the economic crash by now were liquidated by the state and a government agency was set up called the 'Reichsarbeitdienst' to deal with unemployment and putting jobless people into work. Meanwhile, the Kaiser used the power of the radio to maintain hope with the German people and keep the country together in this time of crisis.
Otto Wels, German Chancellor
Wilhelm III in the 1930s
United States
In 1932, the Democrats knew they were going to lose the elections but decided on campaigning anyway. They championed FDR and his economic policies and promised the eradication of poverty if elected. On the other isle, the GOP nominated the great humanitarian, Herbert Hoover, as their candidate as they touted his charity programs.
When November came, the race was very close but it was a decisive one. Herbert Hoover was elected President with Charles Curtis as his VP. On his inauguration in March 1933, Herbert Hoover said “The real work of rebuilding this nation can now begin. Let us strive on to a new tomorrow.” Unbeknownst to him, other things were going down in America’s backyard.
Herbert Hoover, US President (1933-1941)
1874-1964
Mexico
After the disastrous war against the US, Mexico struggled under various presidencies as the fervor of the revolution had died down. With Carranza discredited, Alvaro Obregon took control of the presidency and led the country on the long road of recovery. He negotiated with the Americans to lower the reparations payments and help the government in paying those reparations. This helped the Mexican economy in rebuilding slowly until the wall street crash of 1929.
With the economy in the proverbial toilet, discontent rose sky-high among the populace. Crowds of protestors demonstrated in the streets demanding the overthrow of the government. Over the next few months, the government lost control as the soldiers joined the crowds, and the police unable to control the crowds.
As the government crumbled, the opposition seized power. In this power vacuum, the communists maneuvered their way into the top positions of power, including the presidency. The man that would lead this new government was the avowed socialist Plutarco Calles. While not a diehard communist, he was the respectable face of the new socialist Mexico.
Plutarco Calles, President of Mexico
With the communists in power, Calles declared the end of the United Mexican States and began transitioning the country into a socialist state. Those that had previously worked for the old government were rounded up and executed by firing squads. Those who were against the communists or were potential targets fled for their lives across the border to the US. From there, the Mexican exiles became a hardcore anti-communist community in the country.
Chile
The same things happened in Chile, which culminated in a military coup in 1932 where left-leaning officers proclaimed a socialist republic and implemented a government junta. General Arturo Puga Osorio became the President and crushed all opposition to his rule.
Spain
In 1930, the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera was overthrown. In its wake, various Republican factions joined forces and overthrew the monarchy. In 1931, elections were held which the Republicans won by a landslide. Immediately after the results, King Alfonso XIII went into exile and the new government proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic. To many Spaniards, their country had finally broken through into the 20th century.
Crowds celebrate the proclamation of the Republic, 1931
Flag of the Spanish Republic
China
In September 1931, Japanese troops marched into Manchuria. They justified this invasion by citing an incident in Mukden which they themselves had fabricated as an excuse. While the Chinese troops wanted to fight them, the Nanking government ordered them not to engage the enemy. The Japanese met only light resistance and it wouldn't be long before they set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. At its head was the former Emperor of China, Puyi.
Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo
Flag of Manchukuo