Subic Bay got hit.
I'd imagine space exploration to be more limited given how much it costs. As the TL stands, the US may start to think about it in the 90s.
Fixed.
Perhaps if it would keep worse characters out of power.
This is 1962, not 1983. The Southern hemisphere is virtually intact, so there would be banks. It wouldn't be the best banks, but still. Besides that
Modern Monetary Theory argues, in short, that a government can finance any budget deficit by
de facto monetization and hence have no monetary limits. When a genuine national emergency arises like nuclear war, the government spends first, the central bank helps, and questions are asked later. Given that the US is not destroyed, there is still a central bank.
Inflation is an obvious concern, but that can be controlled by increasing the interest rate strongly. Secondly, MMT argues inflation can be dealt with through taxation as it reduces the spending capacity of the private sector. Assuming the validity of MMT, which is heavily debated, there are still limitations as to how far a government can go, but in an unprecedented situation like this I figured the world, i.e. all those governments and (central) banks that have survived, will roll with it. There's no other choice.
Moreover, the government of a country with plenty of natural resources, surviving industrial muscle, and still lots of human capital like the United States can print money to generate prosperity, especially if there's local consensus. The US has the
power domestically to do that if it chooses, and also has the
power internationally to force other countries to accept the newly-minted money, backed by reduced economic value, in exchange for the goods and services, machinery and talent that it requires for development.
Well, what the US underwent was like the Great Patriotic War for the Soviet Union, except it's condensed into one week. That's not something you recover from easily.
There will be more pop culture references.