Interesting to see a Washington-Buenos Aires Pact forming - in addition to the alt. WWI we got a glimpse of. Still trying to figure that one out, hopefully you'll give us some more stuff down the road.
 
Interesting to see a Washington-Buenos Aires Pact forming - in addition to the alt. WWI we got a glimpse of. Still trying to figure that one out, hopefully you'll give us some more stuff down the road.
This timeline’s World War 1 takes the place of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. OTL’s World War 1 is called World War 2 and World War 2 is called World War 3. The OP has a breif overview of the timeline so far.
 
Chapter 5: A World at War
Chapter 5: A World at War

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"The causes of World War 1 are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany and French interference in the Caribbean. The formation of the North German Confederation tipped the precarious balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars. Prussia sought to expand into the southern German kingdoms and incorporate them into a Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would further strengthen Prussian military power. Meanwhile, the United States of America had recovered from the political strife of the 1860s, and emerged as a great power capable of standing toe to toe with Europe's colonial powers. The rise of the USA as a great power forever altered the global power structure and directly threatened French and British interests in the Americas. The Spanish Empire had granted the British and French license to use Cuban ports as military bases, in the hope of scaring away any American ambitions on the island. The United States could not expand into Latin America with Cuba under the influence of the British and the French. Mexico was also under French influence, further blocking any American expansionism while also allowing the French and British to fund Mexican separatists in the US territory of Rio Grande. With the threat of civil war no longer looming over the United States, Americans once again began to question the role the United States should play in Central American politics, with many young Americans favouring an imperialistic policy. For the United States to achieve goals of securing dominance over Central America, they first had to secure influence over Cuba.

Prussia and the United States had already formed a close friendship, due to mutual goals and a strong economic relationship, so naturally both nations allied with one another in the face of a common enemy. The Russian Empire provided passive support for this alliance in an effort to secure a favorable treaty with the British in Central Asia. War began when a French gunboat stationed in Havana sunk a Prussian trading vessel bound for Texas. Prussia and the United States declared war on France. This prompted the British to declare war on the United States and Prussia. The Russian Empire was unable to provide direct support, but many Russians fought on the Canadian front and the Russian navy supported the Americans in the North Atlantic. Argentina and Venezuela joined the Prussian-American alliance a week later, prompting Brazil to join the war on Britain's side. Prussia advanced into the French homeland, the United States and Venezuela fought the British and French navies in the Gulf of Mexico, Argentina invaded Uruguay and Brazil and the United States and Russia fought the British in Canada and the North Atlantic.

Conflict in Canada and the North Atlantic was largely indecisive. While the Russians and Americans had succeeded in establishing a frontline along the St Lawrence river, they were unable to cross due Britain's continued dominance over the sea. Both nations experienced heavy losses against the Royal Navy at sea. The United States saw far more success in Gulf of Mexico, where the Americans secured supremacy over the seas and successfully blockaded British and French bases in Cuba, cutting Mexico off from reinforcements. American forces secured Mexico city only 2 months later. In Europe, Prussia had made tremendous gains against the French, pushing the frontlines to a few kilometers outside of Paris. Argentina had also seen success in their battle against Brazil and Uruguay after successfully taking Montevideo and scoring numerous victories against the Brazilian army in Rio Grande do Sol. France surrendered after the Prussians managed to gain control over Paris on the 28th of January, 1871. Unwilling to face 3 great powers at once, the British agreed to an armistice, only suffering minor losses during the peace conference. The Treaty of Frankfurt united Germany under Prussian leadership, and saw the new German Empire become the newest European power in continental Europe."
-The rise of the German Empire, National Geographic Documentary
A summary of the Treaty of Frankfurt

  • The French government will cede the French department of Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire.
  • Residents of territories annexed into Germany that wish to maintain their French nationality will be able to freely emigrate into France until the 1st of October, 1872.
  • Establishment of the Republic of Durango in north-west Mexico.
  • Establishment of the Republic of Yucatan out of the former Mexican state of Yucatan.
  • Mexicans living in the United States that wish to emigrate to Mexico will be able to until the 1st of December, 1873.
  • The Republic of Durango and Yucatan will become American puppet states.
  • Uruguay is annexed into Argentina.
  • British and French recognition of Russian sovereignty over Central Asia.
  • Britain will recognize Persia as under Russia's sphere of influence and Afghanistan as a neutral buffer zone. Russia will recognize Tibet as under Chinese influence and never attempt to compromise China's control over the region.
  • Withdraw of all British and French influence in Central America. All Central American debts to Britain or France will be forgiven.
  • British Guyana territorial dispute resolved in Venezuela's favour.
  • Britain will cease funding Polish rebels.
  • The Bahamas are annexed by the United States.
  • British Honduras is granted independence. The Cayman island are annexed by the United States.
  • Hawaii is recognized as an American colony.
  • Liberia is recognized as an American colony.
  • The British colony of Sierra Leone is annexed by Liberia.
  • Cuba will be recognized as under American influence. All non-Spanish military assets will vacate the island before the 1st of March.
 
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So the U.S. is getting more involved in Central American and at an earlier date to boot. No doubt that the Central American nations are not too thrilled about that. Also surprised that the U.S. didn't just straight annex Cuba.
 
So the U.S. is getting more involved in Central American and at an earlier date to boot. No doubt that the Central American nations are not too thrilled about that. Also surprised that the U.S. didn't just straight annex Cuba.
The United States plans to later annex Cuba, it just needs to be integrated first. They learnt their lesson in trying to immediately annex a populated area with the Rio Grande. And no, Central American nations are definitely not too thrilled. But they don't really have a choice, as no other nation is willing to stand up for them. This anti-American sentiment will play an important role once the Cold War kicks off.
 
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Chapter 6: The Gilded Age
Chapter 6: The Gilded Age

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"The decades after World War 1 saw the United States emerge as an imperial power. With the British and French being forced out of Central America, the United States now enjoyed hegemonic control over the Central American republics, making many of them de facto parts of the American economy. However, the battle for supremacy in South America had not ended. The British had integrated Brazil into their economic sphere, and even enjoyed limited control over Brazilian politics. It was during this period that Brazil made the transition from a monarchy-dominated system to a more democratic system under British guidance. Latin America was a battleground of conflicting influences made even more chaotic as Chile, Germany's main ally in the Americas, became a regional power. The Pacific War saw Germany's main ally clash with Peru and Bolivia, both British allies, in what would become one of the many proxy conflicts that plagued late 19th century Latin America. While Chile had clashed with Argentina and her American allies before, both nations formed an uneasy alliance against their British-backed northern neighbours.

The Central American Alliance

In the face of an increasingly hostile and imperialistic United States, certain nations in Latin America formed a defensive agreement in an attempt to fight back against Earth's newest empire. This alliance was spearheaded by Mexico, still bitter over the territory they lost in the First World War, and extended to many other nations in Central America, most notably Colombia. Colombia, often referred to as the "5th Power" (After Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Chile) had chosen to remain neutral in the battle for influence in Latin America. However, American ambitions in Panama forced Colombia to seek allies. This alliance was formed shortly after World War 1 ended, when the Spanish reluctantly sold Cuba to the United States, knowing they no longer had the means to defend the island. At first this alliance was little more than a bureaucratic talking shop, but as the list of member states grew and the alliance secured limited support from the British and the French, it managed to provide significant resistence against the Americans. While the British and French could no longer directly intervene in Central American affairs and risk violating the Treaty of Frankfurt, they could work through a proxy ally. This alliance worked against American interests in Central America by providing political leverage and troops to counter American filibusters. However, faith in the Central American Alliance was weak, as the alliance had not yet succeeded in a direct confrontation with the United States."
-History of Latin America
"1860s United States experienced a level of political chaos and strife that would not be seen again until the 1930s. It was only thanks to Abraham Lincoln's expert diplomatic skills and his willingness to negotiate with the Southern rioters that the nation didn't fall into a civil war. Lincoln came into power on an anti-slavery platform, with the promise to end slavery nationwide. The Southern states still practiced slavery, while the Northern states had ended the practice long ago. As such, Lincoln's presidency was bitterly opposed by many southerners. With the threat of a crippling civil war looming over the United States, both sides were keen to negotiate a peaceful solution to the slavery question. Lincoln's proposal for gradually phasing out slavery over the next 10 years was deemed an acceptable compromise. This compromise resulted in the signing of the 13th Amendment, which banned slavery in all US states after January 1st, 1870. This bill also secured funding for American colonial ambitions in West Africa, under the pretense of providing freed slaves a land of their own. Lincoln managed to not only reach a compromise between abolitionists and slave owners, avoiding a brutal civil war, he managed to appeal to the growing number of American imperialists due to the prospect of an Americanised colony in Africa. They believed that the establishment of a colony in Africa populated by African-Americans would serve as a foothold for future colonial exploits and help promote American culture in West Africa, further increasing the United State's influence in the area. This colony would later be known as Liberia, one of the most developed regions on the African continent. Lincoln not only saved the United States, he also single-handedly created an entirely new nation. While he may fall short of George Washington, Lincoln's numerous achievements easily make him the second best US president of all time."
-New York Times Poll: Who was the best US president?
 
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Chapter 7: The Second Powder Keg
Chapter 7: The Second Powder Keg

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"At first the Central American Alliance was successful at stopping American ambitions in their tracks. But at the dawn of the 20th century, all of that was about to change. Fractures had begun to emerge in Colombia. Fractures that would spark a 3 year long civil war known as the Thousand Days War. In the space of a few years, the Central American Alliance lost their second most important member. This coincided with the election of Theodore Roosevelt, an openly imperialist American strongman. His presidency saw the United States take a more active role in expanding their colonial empire into Central America, starting with the annexation of Cuba, which was previously an American puppet state. Roosevelt had dreams of a United States spanning the entire North American continent, a dream that was merely whisper among America's ultra-nationalists in the previous decade now brought into mainstream debate. But for now, he focused on his short term goal of connecting the Pacific to the Atlantic through a continent-spanning canal. Only two possible locations existed, the Panama department of Colombia and the Republic of Nicaragua. Unfortunately for Roosevelt, he was not the only one with this ambition. The Panama Canal Company, a Anglo-French corporation, pressured Colombia into granting Panama increased autonomy under British control with the threat of withdrawing support for the Central American Alliance. With the only alternative of being left to the mercy of the Americans, Colombia had little choice but to accept. This left the United States with Nicaragua as their only option for their canal. With the Central American Alliance in fracture, the United States descended upon the little nation like a vulture.

The United States Army landed on the Nicaraguan east coast in 1903, quickly establishing a control over the coastline and advancing inland. The resulting war between the United States and Nicaragua brought the United States into the pool of tensions that was pre-World War 2 Europe, with the Entente condemning and the Central Powers supporting US actions. The Nicaraguan government capitulated in a matter of weeks, and the United States established a protectorate over the nation. Because of the Central American Alliance's failure to protect one of their core member states, faith in the military pact was shattered. The Central American Alliance reverted to little more than a loose coalition of states as each nation resolved to focus their resources on protecting themselves. Honduras and El Salvador both fell under American influence. Costa Rica, previously an avid supporter of the Alliance, withdrew only a month after Nicaragua was defeated, choosing to maintain a policy of staunch neutrality. None of the global powers had any particular interest in Costa Rica, so they were allowed to maintain their neutrality even as the shadow of another great war loomed over the world."

-History of Latin America
"The Russian Empire initially had favourable relations with Germany and the United States, even supporting them in World War 1 by providing the Americans with naval support and volunteer divisions for their push into Canada. However, relations quickly soured as the German Empire rose to power on continental Europe, threatening to ruin Russia's favourable position in Eastern Europe so carefully crafted by generations of Russian diplomats. Russia feared a German victory over France would result in the Germans turning eastward toward Russian-controlled Poland and Ukraine. The Germans had also chosen to ally itself with Austria-Hungary, an enemy of Russia. At the same time, the treaty of Frankfurt brought an end to Russia and Britain's disputes over the status of Central Asia. While Britain may regret Persia falling under Russian influence, the treaty resulted in the creation of a buffer zone between Russian and British spheres of influence in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. As a result, Russia established more cordial relations with the French and British, ending their support of Germany. This sparked a diplomatic fallout between the Russians and the Germany, which lead to France approaching Russia with the proposal of a alliance to keep Germany contained in Central Europe.

Despite the shifting relations between the European powers, relations between the Russians and the United States remained positive. The United States managed to maintain a good relation with both the Germans and the Russians, though relations with the latter were damaged with the announcement of the Franco-Russian Alliance. Russia remained an important market for American goods and technology. The question of Russia's place in the coming global conflict was once again discussed when news of Russia's victory over Japan reached London and Washington. Japan was a rising power in Asia, a nation that managed to find favourable relations with both the Americans and the British. Japan represented a new market for American goods, and a counterbalance to Russian power in the east for the British. The defeat of Japan and subsequent occupation of Manchuria and Korea in the Russo-Japanese War resulted in both the United States and Britain fearing a Russian monopoly over China and a new power in the Pacific, now that Russia had annexed the strategically vital Port Arthur."

-Political and Military Alliances of World War 2
 
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Chapter 8: To partition a continent
Chapter 8: To partition a continent

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"Critics would question the wisdom in Lincoln's decision to appease the Southern separatists, arguing that in the process of preserving the Union Lincoln had forsaken values of the very Union he was trying to protect. But for most Americans, Lincoln's solution was lauded as a masterful act of diplomacy. Lincoln had began the process of outlawing slavery in all 26 states and ratified the 13 Amendment, which outlawed all forms of involuntary servitude. However, this victory came at a heavy cost. Getting the South to approve this bill required Lincoln to allow states to impose segregation laws. Lincoln feared that this would only result in a de facto continuation of slavery in the United States. In an attempt to grant freed slaves self determination, Lincoln appealed to growing imperial sentiments withing the American people. He proposed the United States establish her first foreign colony in Africa to serve as a homeland for freed slaves. Imperialism had recently gained a sizeable following, especially among the younger generations. With the backing of prominent American tycoons and industrialists, imperialistic ambitions held a large degree of power over the American political landscape. An integrated colony with a majority American population would have acted as a stepping stone for further expansion into Africa.

The first formal American possession outside of the Americas was formed out of what would later become the Protectorate of Liberia, though the region was under heavy American influence for decades prior to the actual annexation in 1861. All freed slave families were granted vast tracts of land in this new frontier. The desire for self determination alone was enough for nearly 40% of the freed slaves to leave the United States within the first 10 years of being freed. Liberia rapidly became the most successful developed colony in the entire West African coastline. Not only did Liberia provide America with a large amount of influence over West Africa, Monrovia became one of America's most important naval bases, the first not located in the Americas. This naval base proved itself to be of incredibly strategic value in World War 1. While the United States Navy could not defeat the Royal Navy in open combat, Monrovia allowed America to interfere with the connection between the British isles and India. During the war, the Liberians invaded the British colony of Sierra Leone over land, burning Freetown to the ground. Liberia would later be granted Sierra Leone by the United States as a reward for their loyalty and contribution to the American war effort.
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Liberia would later be expanded even more after the Berlin Conference granted the United States ownership over the jungles to Liberia's north collectively referred to as Guiniea. While the United States gained very little in the Berlin Conference, the fact that America had been treated as an equal to the European colonial powers validated the United State's ascension as a major player in global politics. "

-History of American Imperialism
"The discovery of gold nearly brought a swift end to the South African Republic. The young republic had not even existed for two decades, and already they were again fighting for their independence. The Boer victory in the first Anglo-Boer War was quite the shock for the British Empire, they had not expected such a small nation would have the capacity to defeat a superpower. But the discovery of vast untapped riches beneath the soils of the Boer lands brought the wrath of the British Empire back down upon them. Such a wealthy province would inevitably dominate the economies of South Africa, which Britain already feared was slipping out of their grasp. Unlike last time, the South African Republic would face the full force of the British Empire. But the little nation had the advantage of support from the international community. The most important supporter of the Boer Republics being the United States. Having fought against British control themselves, they could easily sympathise with the Boer's struggle for independence. They were one of the few powers with the naval power to actually provide real support to the South African Republic.

When war was declared, the standing armies of the South African Republic were quickly crush, as expected. But the real battle had only begun. The Boer soldiers were masters of guerrilla warfare. The British armies were constantly harassed by Boer militias, which resulted in large loses on the British side of the conflict. The British were forced to deal with each militia one by one, they feared a more aggressive response would bring America further into the war and cause the British public to turn against the war.

As the death toll increased on both sides, the British eventually sought a negotiated peace treaty with the Boer republics, granting the British an increased control over Boer trade but allowing the Boer republics to remain entirely independent.

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-Remembering the Second Anglo-Boer War
Treaty of Vereeniging

  1. Britain will recognise the Republic of South Africa and Orange Free State as independent nations, and will never attempt to infringe upon their sovereignty.
  2. The British Empire is granted increased control over Boer finances. The majority of Boer exports must pass through British controlled ports.
  3. The South African Republic and Orange Free State will never nationalise or otherwise interfere with free trade of natural resources.
  4. Cape Colony and Natal and any successor states under British control must never attempt to restrict Boer trade with the rest of the world.
  5. The Boer Republics will have full control over immigration.
  6. The Boer Republics will have full control over internal politics.
  7. Dutch will be recognised as the sole language of the Boer Republics.
  8. Britain will never attempt to interfere in any internal Boer affairs that doesn't defy this treaty.
  9. 1 million pounds are too be paid as reparations.
 
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Chapter 9: Race to the South Pole
Race to the South Pole!
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"The South Aleutian Islands were first discovered by British mariner William Smith in 1819. At the time, the islands were referred to as the South Shetland Islands, named after a group of the islands in Scotland. On the 15th of November, a US agent in Vaparaiso, Jeremy Robinson, informed the US Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Smith's discovery and the Royal Navy's interest in the area, and suggested dispatching a US Naval vessel to explore and establish a claim over the islands. At the time, the Panama and Nicaraguan canals has not been built, so the Drake Passage was a vital trading route for ships travelling to the Pacific. The United States considered keeping this vital route out of British hands as an important strategic goal, especially with the British already capable of harassing trade from the Islas Malvinas (then known as the Falkland Islands). Despite the strategic importance of controlling the Drake Passage, the early United States had little interest in the islands. Besides a few expeditions, the most notable expedition being led by famous explorer Jacob Wesley, the South Aleutian Islands was largely ignored by everybody except seal and whale hunters for a decade. The United States did lodge a formal claim to the islands, in direct conflict with the British claim.


Interests in the South Aleutian Islands was renewed after the United States became more involved in Argentina, a longstanding US ally. President Andrew Jackson recognised that allowing the British to gain control over the Drake Passage would put US trade with Asia in jeopardy. Jackson increased American involvement in Argentina's expansion into Patagonia and became interested in building a settlement in the Magellan Strait for Argentina to prevent British aligned Chile from gaining control over the straight. This renewed interest in the South Atlantic resulted in an increased US presence in the South Aleutian Islands. In 1838, the US established a settlement in Magellan Strait, which was organised into the short-lived US South Atlantic Territory. The US South Atlantic Territory extended from the 51st parallel south to the South Pole, including the South Aleutian Islands. This was the first time a nation had organised parts of Antarctica into a recognisable and populated territory. This South American portion of this territory was transferred to Argentina in 1841, under the proviso the US maintain influence over the region. However, the Antarctic portion of this territory remained under US control. To solidify their claim on Antarctica, the United States established the first ever permanent Antarctic settlement on Deception Island.

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This settlement would later be known Wesley. During the Chilean confrontation, this base hosted a few US naval vessels after a storm in the Drake Passage forced them to seek shelter. After the Chilean confrontation, Chile recognised Argentine sovereignty over South Patagonia. Emboldened by their success, the US sought British recognition of American sovereignty over the South Aleutian Islands, which was reluctantly granted. Since 1860, Wesley has been almost constantly inhabited by a staff of US naval officers, along with a variety of sealers and whalers from all over the world. The first child ever born in Antarctica was born here in 1870. In the 1890s, a group of American and Argentine immigrants established the first permanent civilian presence in Antarctica. The population of Deception Island would later grow to 200 permanent civilian residents by the turn of the century.

Wesley served as a vital base for the expeditions into the Antarctic mainland in the early 20th century. During the Race to the South Pole, a American exploration team raced Norwegian (led be Roald Amundsen), German (led by Wilhelm Filchner) and British (led by Robert Scott) explorers to be the first to reach the South Pole. While the British and Norwegians approached from the Ross Ice Shelf, the Americans and Germans landed in the Ronne Ice Shelf. This exploration became highly politicised, both the Central Powers and the Entente were determined to prove the superiority of their naval forces, and what better way to prove that than to test them in the most inhospitable conditions known to man? Despite a tremendous effort by the Americans, the British beat the Americans to the South Pole by only a few days, with the Norwegians coming third and the Germans arriving last. Despite heavy loses on the way back from the South Pole, Robert Scott returned to New Zealand a hero."
-History of Wesley, New Yukon Territory
 
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Chapter 10: The Rising and Setting Sun.
The Rising and Setting Sun
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"The early 20th century saw new empires rise and the old ones crumble. The quest for supremacy in the Far East saw the United States of America, a rising imperial power, clash with what remained of the Spanish Empire. Though the acquisition of Cuba in the 19th century had removed the main source of tension between the Spanish Empire and the United States, Theodore Roosevelt's imperialistic ambitions saw the United States turn their gaze to the far east. More specifically, the Philippines. The Spanish Empire, a once a colonial superpower spanning all known areas of the globe, had been reduced to but a husk of it's former self, and many Spanish feared the empire was on it's last legs. As the empire took it's last breath, the opportunistic new powers of Germany, Japan and the United States took their chances at carving apart what remained of the Spanish colonial empire. A rebellion in the Philippines presented the the United States with the opportunity they needed to secure the archipelago for themselves. The explosion of the USS Maine in the port city of Manila was the perfect excuse for the United States to further expand their colonial empire. Puerto Rico was quickly secured, bringing to an end Spain's 4 century long reign over the Americas. The Philippines were secured not that much later, with peace being signed only a few months after war had been declared. All of Spain's colonies in the New World were transferred to the United States, with the Spanish West Indies being partitioned between the United States and Germany, with Germany receiving everything south of the equator and the United States receiving everything north of the equator."
-History of the Philippines

"As China was picked apart by the western powers, a new Asian hegemon had risen. The Empire of Japan, having masterfully avoided the fate of their neighbours, had reached a point where she was confident in her ability to stand toe-to-toe with the West and even wage war against them. Seeking to carve out their own sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria, Japan turned their sights on the Russian Empire. Though long past it's prime, the Russian Empire was still a formidable power, but Japan still believed the Imperial Navy and Army could deal the first proper defeat to a European imperial power, something that no nation had managed to achieve for centuries. If successful, Japan would solidify their position as an equal among the Western superpowers. Russia, however, desired a sphere of influence in Manchuria to access the region's bountiful natural resources and secure the warm water Pacific port of Port Arthur, which Russia needed to secure their trade with the United States. Hostilities began with a Japanese naval attack on Port Arthur in 1904. Japan was quick to secure naval dominance, but struggled to score much victories on land. Japan had not taken into account Russia's increased ability to supply the Far East thanks to improvements made to the Trans-Siberian railway the previous year. Despite the Russian Pacific fleet being all but destroyed, Russian land troops forced the Japanese into a costly war of attrition, one Russia was bound to win. Japan's fragile economy could not sustain such a war, and in 1905 the Japanese government was forced to withdraw from Manchuria. Celebrations broke out all over Russia at the news, from St Petersburg to Vladivostok. The Russian people had not had a victory such as this in a long time, but the Russo-Japanese War restored confidence in the Tsar. For Japan, their imperialistic ambitions on mainland Asia were essentially neutered. For the next decade, Japan adopted an isolationist policy, resolving that mainland Asia was not to become part of the Japanese sphere of influence. Though as the world descended into a war on the scale that had never before been seen in all of human history, the young and opportunistic power would get another chance to establish the empire they desire..."
-The Meiji Restoration


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Treaty of Portsmouth
  1. Mutual engagement to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Korean Empire.
  2. Recognition by Russia of Japan's preponderating interests in Korea and of the right of Japan to give advice and assistance to Korea tending to improve the civil administration of the empire without infringing the stipulations of article I.
  3. Engagement on the part of Russia not to impede the commercial and industrial undertakings of Japan in Korea, nor to oppose any measures taken for the purpose of protecting them so long as such measures do not infringe the stipulations of article I.
  4. Recognition of the right of Japan to send for the same purpose troops to Korea, with the knowledge of Russia, but their number not to exceed that actually required, and with the engagement on the part of Japan to recall such troops as soon as their mission is accomplished.
  5. Mutual engagement not to use any part of the territory of Korea for strategical purposes nor to undertake on the coasts of Korea any military works capable of menacing the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Korea.
  6. Mutual engagement to consider that part of the territory of Korea lying to the north of the 39th parallel as a neutral zone into which neither of the contracting parties shall introduce troops.
  7. Recognition by Japan of Manchuria and its littoral as in all respects outside her sphere of interests.
  8. This agreement to supplant all previous agreements between Russia and Japan respecting Korea.
 
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