The Fallen Prince
- Thread starter maverick
- Start date
maverick
Banned
From…Historia General de las Americas
“The extended period of peace that followed the cessation of hostilities between Spain and the United Provinces was characterized by a continued delay in the negotiations process, as the South American process continued to struggle with internal divisions and the lack of international recognition, while the Spanish tried to both leave the United Provinces in a weak position while dealing with the same political divisions that the Argentine government was suffering at the time…
“The Status Quo would reign for nearly two years, until both sides finally met at Lima, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, to sign a peace treaty by which the independence of the United Provinces of South America, later reorganized as the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, albeit with the loss of the Alto Peru territories to the Viceroyalty of Peru, these provinces including the rich mines of Potosi, an important source of income for whoever had possession of them…”
“Support for the treaty of Lima was lukewarm at best on both sides of the Atlantic. While for the United Provinces this was an end to a bloody and costly war of independence that had been won by blood and sacrifice, for the radicals like Mariano Moreno and General San Martin the spirit of the Revolution and the fate of their brethren Americans had been betrayed, and Director Alvear soon became a public enemy of the Jacobins in the Junta, and most importantly, a traitor to the eyes of the revolutionaries…
In Spain, the moderates were trying to forward their own reformist ideals and programs and the war in South America was draining the resources of the state, but many in both the conservative and the moderate parties felt that the fact that the Crown had been forced to negotiate with its own subjects and grant them independence had been a complete and total humiliation of the Spanish State. This feeling that the Spanish pride had been lost would be of great consequence in the future for the Spanish policies in Europe and in the New World…
From…the Rise and Fall of Nations and Nationalism, by L. Hubbard
“As 1815 dawned, the spirit of nationalism, especially German nationalism, had grown greatly and become a massive force within the boundaries of the “German Nation”, a concept that was ironically born out of the humiliation and pain of French occupation and the spreading of French ideals along the Rhine and the Danube…
“It were precisely these ideals that would spread the flame of nationalism and reform through the German lands during the 19th century, as not only the notions of national pride and unity would be born out of the Napoleonic era, but also the ideas of freedom, both individual and national…”
“…It was in this context that the first and true version of German nationalism arose, influencing not only the thoughts of the people, but also their culture, spreading the ideas of the time through the contemporary literature and music, with famous examples including the famed 8th Symphony by Beethoven, dedicated to Archduke Charles of Austria and his victory at Aspern-Essling, or his famous 14th piano sonata, “Germanica”, although other examples inspired by the nationalist and romantic movements would be later better expressed by the works of Schubert and Wagner…”
From…A Study in power: Europe in the times of the Emperors
“The years between Napoleon’s death at Aspern-Essling and the summer of 1815 had been uncharacteristically calm for the period, especially after nearly two decades of anti-French coalitions, first against the Republic, and then against the Empire, and now, peace finally reigned in the continent of Europe, at least as far as the states were concerned…
“Of course, tensions existed between France and Britain over the matter of the seas, while in Italy the Austrians were looking to expand the influence they enjoyed over Germany southwards, to the Napoleonic realms in the peninsula, while in the East Tsar Alexander was trying to take Russia out of her post-Napoleonic isolation by pressing southwards as well, antagonizing the Sublime Porte over the affairs of the Christians, particularly the Slavic subjects of Moldavia and Wallachia on the Danube…
“But if peace had been imposed on the continent thanks to necessity and exhaustion, that would hardly mean that the Kings, Emperors and Princes of Europe would be able to sleep tight in their beds, and as unrest grew, especially in the German lands, so did the will of the people to find themselves liberated from the yoke under which they lived…
“The catalyst for the German revolutions of 1815 would be the events developing in Spain, in which the people, well, actually the government supported by the military, even if the people would later massively support the victorious faction…
“The first uprisings took place in the summer of 1815, when the liberals and reformists in Bavaria rose against the government that had been installed by the treaty of Schonbrunn and the Fifth coalition, demanding the instauration of a constitutional government…
“Within weeks, the development of the situation in Munich would inspire the people of several German states to rise against their princes and Kings, and by the third month of the revolts, the issue of constitutionalism was being replaced by the ideals of German nationalism and unification…”
“The extended period of peace that followed the cessation of hostilities between Spain and the United Provinces was characterized by a continued delay in the negotiations process, as the South American process continued to struggle with internal divisions and the lack of international recognition, while the Spanish tried to both leave the United Provinces in a weak position while dealing with the same political divisions that the Argentine government was suffering at the time…
“The Status Quo would reign for nearly two years, until both sides finally met at Lima, in the Viceroyalty of Peru, to sign a peace treaty by which the independence of the United Provinces of South America, later reorganized as the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, albeit with the loss of the Alto Peru territories to the Viceroyalty of Peru, these provinces including the rich mines of Potosi, an important source of income for whoever had possession of them…”
“Support for the treaty of Lima was lukewarm at best on both sides of the Atlantic. While for the United Provinces this was an end to a bloody and costly war of independence that had been won by blood and sacrifice, for the radicals like Mariano Moreno and General San Martin the spirit of the Revolution and the fate of their brethren Americans had been betrayed, and Director Alvear soon became a public enemy of the Jacobins in the Junta, and most importantly, a traitor to the eyes of the revolutionaries…
In Spain, the moderates were trying to forward their own reformist ideals and programs and the war in South America was draining the resources of the state, but many in both the conservative and the moderate parties felt that the fact that the Crown had been forced to negotiate with its own subjects and grant them independence had been a complete and total humiliation of the Spanish State. This feeling that the Spanish pride had been lost would be of great consequence in the future for the Spanish policies in Europe and in the New World…
From…the Rise and Fall of Nations and Nationalism, by L. Hubbard
“As 1815 dawned, the spirit of nationalism, especially German nationalism, had grown greatly and become a massive force within the boundaries of the “German Nation”, a concept that was ironically born out of the humiliation and pain of French occupation and the spreading of French ideals along the Rhine and the Danube…
“It were precisely these ideals that would spread the flame of nationalism and reform through the German lands during the 19th century, as not only the notions of national pride and unity would be born out of the Napoleonic era, but also the ideas of freedom, both individual and national…”
“…It was in this context that the first and true version of German nationalism arose, influencing not only the thoughts of the people, but also their culture, spreading the ideas of the time through the contemporary literature and music, with famous examples including the famed 8th Symphony by Beethoven, dedicated to Archduke Charles of Austria and his victory at Aspern-Essling, or his famous 14th piano sonata, “Germanica”, although other examples inspired by the nationalist and romantic movements would be later better expressed by the works of Schubert and Wagner…”
From…A Study in power: Europe in the times of the Emperors
“The years between Napoleon’s death at Aspern-Essling and the summer of 1815 had been uncharacteristically calm for the period, especially after nearly two decades of anti-French coalitions, first against the Republic, and then against the Empire, and now, peace finally reigned in the continent of Europe, at least as far as the states were concerned…
“Of course, tensions existed between France and Britain over the matter of the seas, while in Italy the Austrians were looking to expand the influence they enjoyed over Germany southwards, to the Napoleonic realms in the peninsula, while in the East Tsar Alexander was trying to take Russia out of her post-Napoleonic isolation by pressing southwards as well, antagonizing the Sublime Porte over the affairs of the Christians, particularly the Slavic subjects of Moldavia and Wallachia on the Danube…
“But if peace had been imposed on the continent thanks to necessity and exhaustion, that would hardly mean that the Kings, Emperors and Princes of Europe would be able to sleep tight in their beds, and as unrest grew, especially in the German lands, so did the will of the people to find themselves liberated from the yoke under which they lived…
“The catalyst for the German revolutions of 1815 would be the events developing in Spain, in which the people, well, actually the government supported by the military, even if the people would later massively support the victorious faction…
“The first uprisings took place in the summer of 1815, when the liberals and reformists in Bavaria rose against the government that had been installed by the treaty of Schonbrunn and the Fifth coalition, demanding the instauration of a constitutional government…
“Within weeks, the development of the situation in Munich would inspire the people of several German states to rise against their princes and Kings, and by the third month of the revolts, the issue of constitutionalism was being replaced by the ideals of German nationalism and unification…”
maverick
Banned
From…the Rise and Fall of Nations and Nationalism, by L. Hubbard
“The weeks that had followed the early risings at Bavaria were closely observed with great excitement and unease by an astonished world. Shortly afterwards the proclamation of a constitutional monarchy at Munich, similar movements sprung out of nowhere in Baden and Württemberg and even in the Habsburg Provinces that had been given to Austria in the aftermath of the war of the Fifth coalition…
“By the second month of the revolutions, the movement had spread through all of central Germany, including the states of Saxony and Hannover, the only states not directly affected being the Kingdom of Prussia and the Empire of Austria, even if several uprisings did take place in cities such as Innsbruck, Potsdam, Stettin, Breslau, Graz and Linz…
“The Kings and Princes of Germany and the world were contemplating the scenery that central Germany had become with mute expectation and horror, as if the events that had taken place in France a generation before were now reproducing in the heart of Europe…
“The exact purpose or ideals driving the rebels and the mutineers was of course not completely clear until the revelation of the Nurnberg Constitution, which mirrored the constitution of the French republic very accurately, and the “Nurnberg Declaration”, in which the self-proclaimed revolutionary Government of the rebels proclaimed the unification of all of Germany, with its capital at Nurnberg and under a united crown and constitution…
From…A Study in power: Europe in the times of the Emperors
“It would of course be needless to say that the reaction of the European monarchs was one of consternation and shock at best…
“There were of course few nations more interested in the outcome of the German revolutions than the French Empire, which many were seeing as the architect of the events unfolding in central Europe and the responsible party for practically every sort of radical agitation in the continent…
“…but there were more interested factions in the development of events in Germany after the Nurnberg declaration of August 15th, and those were of course represented in their reactionary ideas by the nations of Austria and Prussia…
“…yet while Prussia was still following the events in Bavaria and Hannover with silent shock and a lack of actual actions, the Austrian Emperor had ordered a partial mobilization of the Imperial army almost as soon as news of the first uprisings at Munich took place, thanks to the urging of Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor…
“…Unfortunately for “the architect of Europe”, his conservative faction was moderated by a more cautious and less reactionary faction which saw Archduke Charles as their natural leader, and while the Emperor was to a great extent under the influence of Metternich, the moderate stance of Archduke Charles prevented any Austrian intervention in the early stages of the German revolutions, thus leaving the Imperial army to quell the small rebellions in the Austrian cities…
“…this situation was of course changed by the Nurnberg Declaration, and thus the Imperial Army marched along the Danube and entered into Bavaria on August 20th of 1815…
From…A Military History of Austria
“…the Austrian invasion of Bavaria in the late summer of 1815 was perhaps one of the most elaborate and well conducted military maneuvers of the time…
“…thanks to the many military reforms introduced under Archduke Charles’ tenure as Generalissimo and commander in chief of the Imperial Army, the Austrian army had not only remained as a military powerhouse, but it had also turned a vast multi-national and demoralized army exhausted from years of warring with the French into a modern, disciplined and cohesive force…
“…the Austrian army of 1815 was not only one of the most organized in Europe, but also one of the most disciplined and better trained, even if the Archduke had not been allowed to carry on with his reforms to the extent for which he had wished…
“…there is of course no better proof of the might of the Austrian military than the swift and decisive intervention in central Germany in the late summer of 1815, and in a period of six weeks, all of the rebellious territory was under the control of the Austrian army, Munich and Nurnberg being occupied on August 26th and 30th respectively and no major engagements resulting in much loss of Austrian troops…
From…the Rise and Fall of Nations and Nationalism, by L. Hubbard
“…the pacification of Germany in the late summer of 1815 once again put Austria as the defender of the old order and the rights of the Kings, but it would also be the first step in a long road that would finally lead to the birth of modern nationalism and the modern German nation…
“…the Nurnberg constitution was of course destroyed and the people that wrote and promoted it jailed or exiled, but the ideals and hopes put in the paper would still live in the hearts and minds of the people, and more importantly, the idea of German unity would survive to be seen as the main policy goal of many German monarchs…
“…but perhaps the most important immediate effect was the creation of the German Confederacy, a loose federal system by which all German states would be bound, consolidating the idea of a German nation and people, and the position that Austria held as guardian of the East and of the German nation, providing much of the military force as protector of the German countries in the Confederation…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 was the result of a combination of hardship, but most importantly we can cite the economic hardship northern Brazil was going through at the time, a general discontent produced by the uncaring rule of the Portuguese Kings, especially after their departure for Portugal in 1812, and of course, the spreading of revolutionary ideals from Spanish South America, even in the aftermath of the defeat of the rebels in the first South American Revolutions…
“…although there was no clear event that sparked the uprisings, the famine of 1816 and the raising of taxes in the time leading to 1817 are generally considered to be the catalysts of the revolution that begun on April of 1817, when local disaffected soldiers and government officials took over the city of Recife, the provincial capital, raised their rebel flag and proclaimed the independence of the “Republic of Pernambuco” on April 11th…”
“The weeks that had followed the early risings at Bavaria were closely observed with great excitement and unease by an astonished world. Shortly afterwards the proclamation of a constitutional monarchy at Munich, similar movements sprung out of nowhere in Baden and Württemberg and even in the Habsburg Provinces that had been given to Austria in the aftermath of the war of the Fifth coalition…
“By the second month of the revolutions, the movement had spread through all of central Germany, including the states of Saxony and Hannover, the only states not directly affected being the Kingdom of Prussia and the Empire of Austria, even if several uprisings did take place in cities such as Innsbruck, Potsdam, Stettin, Breslau, Graz and Linz…
“The Kings and Princes of Germany and the world were contemplating the scenery that central Germany had become with mute expectation and horror, as if the events that had taken place in France a generation before were now reproducing in the heart of Europe…
“The exact purpose or ideals driving the rebels and the mutineers was of course not completely clear until the revelation of the Nurnberg Constitution, which mirrored the constitution of the French republic very accurately, and the “Nurnberg Declaration”, in which the self-proclaimed revolutionary Government of the rebels proclaimed the unification of all of Germany, with its capital at Nurnberg and under a united crown and constitution…
From…A Study in power: Europe in the times of the Emperors
“It would of course be needless to say that the reaction of the European monarchs was one of consternation and shock at best…
“There were of course few nations more interested in the outcome of the German revolutions than the French Empire, which many were seeing as the architect of the events unfolding in central Europe and the responsible party for practically every sort of radical agitation in the continent…
“…but there were more interested factions in the development of events in Germany after the Nurnberg declaration of August 15th, and those were of course represented in their reactionary ideas by the nations of Austria and Prussia…
“…yet while Prussia was still following the events in Bavaria and Hannover with silent shock and a lack of actual actions, the Austrian Emperor had ordered a partial mobilization of the Imperial army almost as soon as news of the first uprisings at Munich took place, thanks to the urging of Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor…
“…Unfortunately for “the architect of Europe”, his conservative faction was moderated by a more cautious and less reactionary faction which saw Archduke Charles as their natural leader, and while the Emperor was to a great extent under the influence of Metternich, the moderate stance of Archduke Charles prevented any Austrian intervention in the early stages of the German revolutions, thus leaving the Imperial army to quell the small rebellions in the Austrian cities…
“…this situation was of course changed by the Nurnberg Declaration, and thus the Imperial Army marched along the Danube and entered into Bavaria on August 20th of 1815…
From…A Military History of Austria
“…the Austrian invasion of Bavaria in the late summer of 1815 was perhaps one of the most elaborate and well conducted military maneuvers of the time…
“…thanks to the many military reforms introduced under Archduke Charles’ tenure as Generalissimo and commander in chief of the Imperial Army, the Austrian army had not only remained as a military powerhouse, but it had also turned a vast multi-national and demoralized army exhausted from years of warring with the French into a modern, disciplined and cohesive force…
“…the Austrian army of 1815 was not only one of the most organized in Europe, but also one of the most disciplined and better trained, even if the Archduke had not been allowed to carry on with his reforms to the extent for which he had wished…
“…there is of course no better proof of the might of the Austrian military than the swift and decisive intervention in central Germany in the late summer of 1815, and in a period of six weeks, all of the rebellious territory was under the control of the Austrian army, Munich and Nurnberg being occupied on August 26th and 30th respectively and no major engagements resulting in much loss of Austrian troops…
From…the Rise and Fall of Nations and Nationalism, by L. Hubbard
“…the pacification of Germany in the late summer of 1815 once again put Austria as the defender of the old order and the rights of the Kings, but it would also be the first step in a long road that would finally lead to the birth of modern nationalism and the modern German nation…
“…the Nurnberg constitution was of course destroyed and the people that wrote and promoted it jailed or exiled, but the ideals and hopes put in the paper would still live in the hearts and minds of the people, and more importantly, the idea of German unity would survive to be seen as the main policy goal of many German monarchs…
“…but perhaps the most important immediate effect was the creation of the German Confederacy, a loose federal system by which all German states would be bound, consolidating the idea of a German nation and people, and the position that Austria held as guardian of the East and of the German nation, providing much of the military force as protector of the German countries in the Confederation…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 was the result of a combination of hardship, but most importantly we can cite the economic hardship northern Brazil was going through at the time, a general discontent produced by the uncaring rule of the Portuguese Kings, especially after their departure for Portugal in 1812, and of course, the spreading of revolutionary ideals from Spanish South America, even in the aftermath of the defeat of the rebels in the first South American Revolutions…
“…although there was no clear event that sparked the uprisings, the famine of 1816 and the raising of taxes in the time leading to 1817 are generally considered to be the catalysts of the revolution that begun on April of 1817, when local disaffected soldiers and government officials took over the city of Recife, the provincial capital, raised their rebel flag and proclaimed the independence of the “Republic of Pernambuco” on April 11th…”
maverick
Banned
From…A Study in power: Europe in the times of the Emperors
“…the Russian Empire of Alexander I had spent the years in the aftermath of the peace of Tilsit in a limbo of isolation similar to the one that had preceded the reign of Peter the Great…
“…Europe had undergone a series of radical changes, in a dramatic process in which had taken no part and that had left the Eastern Empire in a state of complete solitude and completely ignored by the rest of the European powers. Thanks to the Tsar’s policies in the last years of the Napoleonic wars, first of alliance with France after Tilsit and then of pro-French neutrality during the Fifth coalition, time the tsar used to wrestle Finland away from the Swedes, Russia now found herself out of the European scenery and ostracized, leaving her only with Prussia as a loyal ally, even if Alexander could not fulfill his ambitions of intervention and having a free hand over the affairs of central Europe…
“…it was these circumstances that dictated the course of Alexander’s new foreign policy, aiming both at reintegrating the empire into the European block and creating a new sphere of influence, expanding in the Caucasus and the Danube, to which effect the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 gave the Tsar control of Bessarabia and commercial power over the river…
“…In the Caucasus, the expansion of the Russian southern border would lead to a new series of engagements against the Circassians, whose defeat would give Russia further strategic control over the Black Sea, and later against the natives of the eastern lands in Chechnya, Dagestan and the areas near the border with Persia…
“…this new phase of the Circassian war, with Field Marshalls Kutuzov and Prince Bagration heading massive Russian armies in a war of conquest, would prove to be one of the bloodiest and longest conflicts in Russian history, having started in the decade of the 1760s and continued into the 19th century, the most dramatic moments of the conquest taking place with Kutuzov’s invasion in the summer of 1814, and later his campaigns of 1815-1818…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…the success of the Pernambucan revolt and the spreading of the revolution throughout northern Brazil, especially in the provinces of Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara and Paraiba, contributed to the beginning of a true revolutionary wave throughout Northern Brazil, and by the winter of 1817-1818, the loyalist forces had been overrun in most of the northern viceroyalty…
“…southern Brazil, on the other hand, remained under royalist control for the moment, thanks to the presence of Portuguese and loyalist troops that had been gathered by the crown prince himself, Don Pedro de Braganza, who had been sent by his father to act as the unofficial governor of the colonies…
“…the first major action taken by the Portuguese crown was a land invasion of the rebellious provinces, while a naval contingent under Scottish admiral turned mercenary, Thomas Cochrane, would blockade and attack the rebel capital of Recife…
“…unfortunately for the young Prince, things would not go as planned, and while the naval forces would be able to surround and besiege Recife for a while, his campaigns on the land would be stopped by a combination of bad luck, bad weather and bad decisions, the army not being able to leave Rio de Janeiro without encountering rain, poor roads, armed uprisings in the countryside and to top it all, a series of mutinies that left the royalist army increasingly weakened by the time the first real engagement between the loyalists and the revolutionaries took place on May of 1818…”
From…Europe in the 19th century, by L. Krieger
“…Franco-Austrian relations in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1815 had reached a boiling point by 1818, the year in which the Napoli Mutiny began, an event which was in turn significant for another reason: being the birth of the Italian nationalist movement…
“…since 1809, Aspern-Essling, Verdun and Schonnbrun, France and Austria had kept their spheres of influence over central Europe under complete control, while the other interfered due to the desires of the Emperors to extend their influence over the other’s own sphere and to regain what was perceived as stolen…
“…Austria, under the cunning and ambitious Prince Metternich and the Emperor Francis II, quite under the influence of the Chancellor, wished both to regain Milan and to take over Venice and northern Italy, while restoring the Habsburg princes to Tuscany and central Italy, not to mention the old Papal States…
“…France, on the other hand, had her frontier on the Rhine, a fact that left thousands of Germans within her borders, much to the annoyance of Germans and Frenchmen alike, but continued to see the return of central Germany as a zone of influence and a buffer between France and the strengthened Austria as a defensive necessity, an idea that was nurtured by many officers within the Imperial army and politicians within the Empire bureaucracy, especially amongst the Emperor’s closest advisors…it was this political idea the one to lead to the French intervention in the events of 1815, something that all of Europe suspected about but that none could prove, while in turn the activity of the Austrian agents in Italy would prove less successful but far more implicating for the Habsburg crown, as the crisis that rose from the Napoli Mutinies of 1818 would nearly bring a war between the empires of the East and West…”
“…the Russian Empire of Alexander I had spent the years in the aftermath of the peace of Tilsit in a limbo of isolation similar to the one that had preceded the reign of Peter the Great…
“…Europe had undergone a series of radical changes, in a dramatic process in which had taken no part and that had left the Eastern Empire in a state of complete solitude and completely ignored by the rest of the European powers. Thanks to the Tsar’s policies in the last years of the Napoleonic wars, first of alliance with France after Tilsit and then of pro-French neutrality during the Fifth coalition, time the tsar used to wrestle Finland away from the Swedes, Russia now found herself out of the European scenery and ostracized, leaving her only with Prussia as a loyal ally, even if Alexander could not fulfill his ambitions of intervention and having a free hand over the affairs of central Europe…
“…it was these circumstances that dictated the course of Alexander’s new foreign policy, aiming both at reintegrating the empire into the European block and creating a new sphere of influence, expanding in the Caucasus and the Danube, to which effect the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 gave the Tsar control of Bessarabia and commercial power over the river…
“…In the Caucasus, the expansion of the Russian southern border would lead to a new series of engagements against the Circassians, whose defeat would give Russia further strategic control over the Black Sea, and later against the natives of the eastern lands in Chechnya, Dagestan and the areas near the border with Persia…
“…this new phase of the Circassian war, with Field Marshalls Kutuzov and Prince Bagration heading massive Russian armies in a war of conquest, would prove to be one of the bloodiest and longest conflicts in Russian history, having started in the decade of the 1760s and continued into the 19th century, the most dramatic moments of the conquest taking place with Kutuzov’s invasion in the summer of 1814, and later his campaigns of 1815-1818…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…the success of the Pernambucan revolt and the spreading of the revolution throughout northern Brazil, especially in the provinces of Rio Grande do Norte, Ceara and Paraiba, contributed to the beginning of a true revolutionary wave throughout Northern Brazil, and by the winter of 1817-1818, the loyalist forces had been overrun in most of the northern viceroyalty…
“…southern Brazil, on the other hand, remained under royalist control for the moment, thanks to the presence of Portuguese and loyalist troops that had been gathered by the crown prince himself, Don Pedro de Braganza, who had been sent by his father to act as the unofficial governor of the colonies…
“…the first major action taken by the Portuguese crown was a land invasion of the rebellious provinces, while a naval contingent under Scottish admiral turned mercenary, Thomas Cochrane, would blockade and attack the rebel capital of Recife…
“…unfortunately for the young Prince, things would not go as planned, and while the naval forces would be able to surround and besiege Recife for a while, his campaigns on the land would be stopped by a combination of bad luck, bad weather and bad decisions, the army not being able to leave Rio de Janeiro without encountering rain, poor roads, armed uprisings in the countryside and to top it all, a series of mutinies that left the royalist army increasingly weakened by the time the first real engagement between the loyalists and the revolutionaries took place on May of 1818…”
From…Europe in the 19th century, by L. Krieger
“…Franco-Austrian relations in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1815 had reached a boiling point by 1818, the year in which the Napoli Mutiny began, an event which was in turn significant for another reason: being the birth of the Italian nationalist movement…
“…since 1809, Aspern-Essling, Verdun and Schonnbrun, France and Austria had kept their spheres of influence over central Europe under complete control, while the other interfered due to the desires of the Emperors to extend their influence over the other’s own sphere and to regain what was perceived as stolen…
“…Austria, under the cunning and ambitious Prince Metternich and the Emperor Francis II, quite under the influence of the Chancellor, wished both to regain Milan and to take over Venice and northern Italy, while restoring the Habsburg princes to Tuscany and central Italy, not to mention the old Papal States…
“…France, on the other hand, had her frontier on the Rhine, a fact that left thousands of Germans within her borders, much to the annoyance of Germans and Frenchmen alike, but continued to see the return of central Germany as a zone of influence and a buffer between France and the strengthened Austria as a defensive necessity, an idea that was nurtured by many officers within the Imperial army and politicians within the Empire bureaucracy, especially amongst the Emperor’s closest advisors…it was this political idea the one to lead to the French intervention in the events of 1815, something that all of Europe suspected about but that none could prove, while in turn the activity of the Austrian agents in Italy would prove less successful but far more implicating for the Habsburg crown, as the crisis that rose from the Napoli Mutinies of 1818 would nearly bring a war between the empires of the East and West…”
That's nice! They were always the most liberal of the Brazilian provinces, but unfortunately the fortune never smiled to them...maverick
Banned
No, as we all know, Russia was highly involved in events in Europe, especially concerning the affairs of the Holy Alliance...as for the wars in the Caucausus, they took place between the 18th and 19th centuries, only that here the Russians put more effort, with greater results, not having to fight Napoleon...
maverick
Banned
From…a dictionary of the 19th century
Neapolitan Revolt of 1818
Armed and popular uprising that took place in the capital of the Kingdom of Napoli in the summer of 1818. The authoritarian nature of King Joachim Murat’s policies, the unrest caused by bad harvests and the high taxes, as well as the growth of the popularity of the Italian nationalist and liberal ideas resulted in an armed insurrection that began with an assassination attempt on the King on May 16th. The attack was followed by a swift and brutal repression against the people of the city and the murdering of several army and government officials, as well as nationalist conspirators.
By June 4th, the people of Napoli had grown too tired of Murat’s growing tyranny and rose against him en masse, gathering as much as 10,000 supporters by June 15th and 35,000 by June 20th…
From…A History of the European Nations 1789-1840
“…the swift French reaction to the Neapolitan riots of 1818 was to the European powers proof that Emperor Joseph was not only desperate to keep his sphere of influence under his control at any cost, but also that he did not have the talents nor capabilities of his brother Napoleon in the administration of the French Empire in Italy and Europe…”
“…More interestingly, the revolts at Napoli counted with the presence of Austrian officers, as well as Sicilian and Sardinian soldiers and volunteers which joined the ranks of the rebels both in the service of their monarchs, but also in the spreading of the Italian nationalist feeling that would rise in the aftermath of the revolt, and even thanks to the uprisings and the romantic ideas that grew during and after the French invasion of the city of Napoli in the winter of 1818 and 1819…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…Prince Pedro’s defeat at the battle of Itabaiana on September of 1818 would prove to be the first in a series of humiliations for the Portuguese crown, not only as the remains of the loyalist army were barely able to make it back to Rio de Janeiro intact, but also due to the renewed strength the revolution found after the engagement, now gaining supporters in the provinces of Bahia and Maranhao, both of which rose in open revolt between the winter of 1818 and the spring of 1819, while further south, in Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, the spirit of the revolution began to grow in the hearts and minds of the people…”
From…Europe in the 19th century, by L. Krieger
“…Portugal was on the verge of losing her colonial empire in the Americas just as the Spanish had a few years ago and yet King Joao VI was more preoccupied by the rise of the constitutionalists and the liberals both in his court and in the Lisboan society…”
“…the success of the enlightened party in Spain and the defeat of King Carlos V had left the Portuguese King incredibly insecure and afraid of his own position, even more so than the rest of the monarchs in Europe that had witnessed the events in Spain in mute admiration…”
“…and now that the wars in America were taking a rather ugly turn for the Portuguese, and that the economy was in an incredible risk, the King would have to decide whether to follow the path of the reformists or the one of the absolutists…”
From…The United States, a General and Political History 1789-1824
“…the destruction of the Creek Nation had given General Andrew Jackson the fame he had seek, but the task of leading the war effort against the Seminole in Georgia presented a new series of difficulties for the hero of Tennessee, of which the most pressing one was the issue of the Spanish colony of Florida, which not only was being use as a refuge for runaway slaves but also as a base of operations for the Seminole tribes…”
“…General Jackson’s directions were to "terminate the conflict." He believed the best way to do this would be to seize Florida. Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "Let it be signified to me through any channel... that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials”
Neapolitan Revolt of 1818
Armed and popular uprising that took place in the capital of the Kingdom of Napoli in the summer of 1818. The authoritarian nature of King Joachim Murat’s policies, the unrest caused by bad harvests and the high taxes, as well as the growth of the popularity of the Italian nationalist and liberal ideas resulted in an armed insurrection that began with an assassination attempt on the King on May 16th. The attack was followed by a swift and brutal repression against the people of the city and the murdering of several army and government officials, as well as nationalist conspirators.
By June 4th, the people of Napoli had grown too tired of Murat’s growing tyranny and rose against him en masse, gathering as much as 10,000 supporters by June 15th and 35,000 by June 20th…
From…A History of the European Nations 1789-1840
“…the swift French reaction to the Neapolitan riots of 1818 was to the European powers proof that Emperor Joseph was not only desperate to keep his sphere of influence under his control at any cost, but also that he did not have the talents nor capabilities of his brother Napoleon in the administration of the French Empire in Italy and Europe…”
“…More interestingly, the revolts at Napoli counted with the presence of Austrian officers, as well as Sicilian and Sardinian soldiers and volunteers which joined the ranks of the rebels both in the service of their monarchs, but also in the spreading of the Italian nationalist feeling that would rise in the aftermath of the revolt, and even thanks to the uprisings and the romantic ideas that grew during and after the French invasion of the city of Napoli in the winter of 1818 and 1819…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…Prince Pedro’s defeat at the battle of Itabaiana on September of 1818 would prove to be the first in a series of humiliations for the Portuguese crown, not only as the remains of the loyalist army were barely able to make it back to Rio de Janeiro intact, but also due to the renewed strength the revolution found after the engagement, now gaining supporters in the provinces of Bahia and Maranhao, both of which rose in open revolt between the winter of 1818 and the spring of 1819, while further south, in Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, the spirit of the revolution began to grow in the hearts and minds of the people…”
From…Europe in the 19th century, by L. Krieger
“…Portugal was on the verge of losing her colonial empire in the Americas just as the Spanish had a few years ago and yet King Joao VI was more preoccupied by the rise of the constitutionalists and the liberals both in his court and in the Lisboan society…”
“…the success of the enlightened party in Spain and the defeat of King Carlos V had left the Portuguese King incredibly insecure and afraid of his own position, even more so than the rest of the monarchs in Europe that had witnessed the events in Spain in mute admiration…”
“…and now that the wars in America were taking a rather ugly turn for the Portuguese, and that the economy was in an incredible risk, the King would have to decide whether to follow the path of the reformists or the one of the absolutists…”
From…The United States, a General and Political History 1789-1824
“…the destruction of the Creek Nation had given General Andrew Jackson the fame he had seek, but the task of leading the war effort against the Seminole in Georgia presented a new series of difficulties for the hero of Tennessee, of which the most pressing one was the issue of the Spanish colony of Florida, which not only was being use as a refuge for runaway slaves but also as a base of operations for the Seminole tribes…”
“…General Jackson’s directions were to "terminate the conflict." He believed the best way to do this would be to seize Florida. Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "Let it be signified to me through any channel... that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials”
maverick
Banned
From…The United States, a General and Political History 1789-1824
“…the effects of General Jackson’s actions in the war against the Seminole would finally reach international proportions to the point of evolving into a diplomatic crisis in the year of 1820…
“…the American occupation of Pensacola and the deposition of the Spanish governor, combined with the arrest of several Spanish and British citizens accused of providing aid to the Seminole led to a diplomatic outcry from the governments of Madrid and London, which demanded an immediate apologize from the government of James Monroe…”
“…the issue did not only threaten to escalate into a full scale war with Spain, but also to divide the American government from within, as supporters and opponents of Jackson’s actions in Florida began to appear both in Congress and in the Cabinet, where the most important of the Jacksonian supporters would be no other than Secretary of State John Adams…”
“…the downfall and near disintegration of the Federalist party in 1816 ensured Monroe reelection nearly without opposition in 1820, but the crisis with Spain continued to lurk over the heads of the American People, and thus negotiations over the highly irregular and disputed Hispano-American border would begin in earnest in the summer of 1821…”
From…El Imperio del Sol
“…the streets of the city were crowded with chanting and screaming mobs, throwing flowers and cheering as the black carriage past them, with the flags of Spain and Mexico on its sides and the crest of the Royal family on the doors. The White and Blue of the House of Bourbon covered the streets as the people continued to gather at the capital…”
“…at the cathedral, the people awaited as they did on the streets, while the carriage continued its march through the main avenues of Mexico City, accompanied by the cavalry of the New Army, dressed in Spanish uniforms and Mexican colors…
“…it was noon when the car arrived at the cathedral, being received by the archbishop himself and by General Iturbide, along with a collection of politicians, bureaucrats and other notables of the realm…
“…the Infante walked up the stairs of the cathedral with a firm step, dressed in a simple royal garment, black jacket in the manner of a military uniform, a band covering his chest from the left shoulder to his right leg, in the colors of the family, always accompanied by a military guard and his wife, Luisa Carlota de Borbon…
“…the cathedral was itself as crowded as the streets, although not occupied by peasants and bourgeois, but by noblemen and army officers, as well as members of the clergy, led by the Archbishop…
“…the ceremony itself was short and not as grand as it had been planned, the speed with which the negotiations and the planning had taken place made it absolutely necessary for the affair to be carried with as quickly and officially as possible, yet the event would be one of the defining moments of Mexican history, and by the end of the celebration, the Infante had been crowned Emperador Francisco I de Mexico…
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…Prince Pedro’s second campaign to Northern Brazil had been better planned and better equipped, and within a few months the region of Minas Gerais and southern Bahia had been pacified, but at the same time the rebels of Pernambuco had been able to rally the people behind them and organize more regular forces to engage the royal armies…
“…late 1820 and early 1821 had seen some progress for the loyalist cause, as the Prince was able to defeat the rebels in several occasions and take many towns in northern Brazil, while the fleet under Cochrane continued its blockade on Pernambuco, but by the summer of 1821 the war took yet another turn that would prove to be disastrous for the Portuguese, this time in the form of the Declaration of Indepedence of the Republic Riograndese…”
From…El País de los Argentinos
“…the policy of Terror and military despotism that had characterized the three years of government of Supreme Director Carlos Maria de Alvear, cemented on the strong support of the national army at Buenos Aires and the Director’s autocratic government made the Revolution of April 18th of 1818 one of the first Argentinean examples of something that would soon become a tradition both in the United Provinces and in Spain: the Pronunciamiento…
“…the chaos following the revolt of the Granaderos under Colonel Manuel Dorrego nevertheless left the government and the country without a head of state or government, and Dorrego himself was in no position to take over…
“…the previous generation was no longer suited for government…the old Saavedra was still exiled in Montevideo under the protection of Artigas, General San Martin had left the country for France in the aftermath of Alvear’s betrayal of the liberation plan and the subsequent defeat of the rebellion he led in Santiago de Chile in 1818, Mariano Moreno had died, probably of Tuberculosis, in 1817, while Pueyrredon and the other former directors were in no position to reclaim power…
“…in this political situation the Junta Grande, soon to be reorganized into a new Congress for the third and definitive time, chose to end the political chaos by appointing Dorrego as Governor of Buenos Aires, and Irish-born admiral Guillermo Brown as Supreme Director on September 13th of 1818, as a compromise…
“…the effects of General Jackson’s actions in the war against the Seminole would finally reach international proportions to the point of evolving into a diplomatic crisis in the year of 1820…
“…the American occupation of Pensacola and the deposition of the Spanish governor, combined with the arrest of several Spanish and British citizens accused of providing aid to the Seminole led to a diplomatic outcry from the governments of Madrid and London, which demanded an immediate apologize from the government of James Monroe…”
“…the issue did not only threaten to escalate into a full scale war with Spain, but also to divide the American government from within, as supporters and opponents of Jackson’s actions in Florida began to appear both in Congress and in the Cabinet, where the most important of the Jacksonian supporters would be no other than Secretary of State John Adams…”
“…the downfall and near disintegration of the Federalist party in 1816 ensured Monroe reelection nearly without opposition in 1820, but the crisis with Spain continued to lurk over the heads of the American People, and thus negotiations over the highly irregular and disputed Hispano-American border would begin in earnest in the summer of 1821…”
From…El Imperio del Sol
“…the streets of the city were crowded with chanting and screaming mobs, throwing flowers and cheering as the black carriage past them, with the flags of Spain and Mexico on its sides and the crest of the Royal family on the doors. The White and Blue of the House of Bourbon covered the streets as the people continued to gather at the capital…”
“…at the cathedral, the people awaited as they did on the streets, while the carriage continued its march through the main avenues of Mexico City, accompanied by the cavalry of the New Army, dressed in Spanish uniforms and Mexican colors…
“…it was noon when the car arrived at the cathedral, being received by the archbishop himself and by General Iturbide, along with a collection of politicians, bureaucrats and other notables of the realm…
“…the Infante walked up the stairs of the cathedral with a firm step, dressed in a simple royal garment, black jacket in the manner of a military uniform, a band covering his chest from the left shoulder to his right leg, in the colors of the family, always accompanied by a military guard and his wife, Luisa Carlota de Borbon…
“…the cathedral was itself as crowded as the streets, although not occupied by peasants and bourgeois, but by noblemen and army officers, as well as members of the clergy, led by the Archbishop…
“…the ceremony itself was short and not as grand as it had been planned, the speed with which the negotiations and the planning had taken place made it absolutely necessary for the affair to be carried with as quickly and officially as possible, yet the event would be one of the defining moments of Mexican history, and by the end of the celebration, the Infante had been crowned Emperador Francisco I de Mexico…
From…Historia General de las Americas
“…Prince Pedro’s second campaign to Northern Brazil had been better planned and better equipped, and within a few months the region of Minas Gerais and southern Bahia had been pacified, but at the same time the rebels of Pernambuco had been able to rally the people behind them and organize more regular forces to engage the royal armies…
“…late 1820 and early 1821 had seen some progress for the loyalist cause, as the Prince was able to defeat the rebels in several occasions and take many towns in northern Brazil, while the fleet under Cochrane continued its blockade on Pernambuco, but by the summer of 1821 the war took yet another turn that would prove to be disastrous for the Portuguese, this time in the form of the Declaration of Indepedence of the Republic Riograndese…”
From…El País de los Argentinos
“…the policy of Terror and military despotism that had characterized the three years of government of Supreme Director Carlos Maria de Alvear, cemented on the strong support of the national army at Buenos Aires and the Director’s autocratic government made the Revolution of April 18th of 1818 one of the first Argentinean examples of something that would soon become a tradition both in the United Provinces and in Spain: the Pronunciamiento…
“…the chaos following the revolt of the Granaderos under Colonel Manuel Dorrego nevertheless left the government and the country without a head of state or government, and Dorrego himself was in no position to take over…
“…the previous generation was no longer suited for government…the old Saavedra was still exiled in Montevideo under the protection of Artigas, General San Martin had left the country for France in the aftermath of Alvear’s betrayal of the liberation plan and the subsequent defeat of the rebellion he led in Santiago de Chile in 1818, Mariano Moreno had died, probably of Tuberculosis, in 1817, while Pueyrredon and the other former directors were in no position to reclaim power…
“…in this political situation the Junta Grande, soon to be reorganized into a new Congress for the third and definitive time, chose to end the political chaos by appointing Dorrego as Governor of Buenos Aires, and Irish-born admiral Guillermo Brown as Supreme Director on September 13th of 1818, as a compromise…
Actually his son as Regent would be the one protesting.
My question is what happens afterwards. Is George III still king of Hanover or have the Austrians set up a puppet replacement? In one case, the British royal family is going to be grateful to the Austrians for saving their Hanoverian throne, while in the other they're going be more than a lottle upset with the Austrians.
Obviously, this could strongly affect British foreign policy. Less obviously, domestic policy could also be affected as the British monarchy's attitude towards the Catholic Austrians may affect their attitude towards Catholic emancipation in England and Ireland. And the friendliness of the politcal climate would prbably affect Catholic emigration, which could cause further butterflies in Canada and the US.
maverick
Banned
From…Europe in the 19th century, by L. Krieger
“…150,000 circassians killed, 200,000 displaced, 67,000 natives made prisoners of war; 50,000 soldiers lost, killed or wounded, 350 artillery pieces lost, 25 towns and coastal stations taken…”
“…such was the estimate given by the Russian commanders on July of 1821 when the Russian-Circassian war was declared to be over, even though the conquest and subjugation of the region would take another 20 years to be completed…
“…true or not, the numbers given by the Russian General staff were more than enough to placate Tsar Alexander’s ambitions, and with large amounts of territory in the Balkans under the Russian yoke and ready to be colonized by Russian and Cossack settlers, the brutal and massive 7 year campaign could be declared to be over…
“…yet if would be more possible to find the actual reasons for the Tsar’s decision to halt his conquest of the Caucasus in the development of events in the Balkans, where the spirit of “national awakening” and the cause of independence finally resulted in a massive rebellion of the Greek populace against Ottoman domination in the Aegean…
From…The United States, a General and Political History 1789-1824
“…if by the treaty of Veracruz the independence of Mexico as a federal and constitutional monarchy had been guaranteed and recognized by the Spanish Crown, the negotiations over the Florida incident and the perpetual border dispute between the Spanish and the Americans would nevertheless prove that Mexico remained an integral part of the Spanish Empire, not only de jure, but de facto as well…
“…on many occasions Marshall Agustin de Iturbide, Secretary of State and Protector of Spain in the name of his majesty, the Emperor, would take the place of his ambassador and act on behalf of the Mexican delegation without the consent or knowledge of the King or the Foreign minister, much to the anger of the Spanish Minister, Onís, while US Secretary of State Adams was unable to take advantage of this due to both the divisions within the US Cabinet and the always present willingness of the Spanish and the Mexicans to put their differences aside and fight together to protect their interests from the perceived greed of the American foreign minister…”
“…the treaty of Washington was finally signed on November 11th of 1821, merely months after the coronation of Emperor Francisco I and almost a year since the deposition of the Spanish governor at Pensacola…
“…the clauses of the treaty established that the colony of Florida would be handed to the United States government in exchange of a compensation of 5 million dollars, while the governments of Mexico, the United States and Spain recognized the purchase, they would also set a new border agreement by which the United States abandoned any claim to the Mexican territories of Tejas, creating a new border along the Sabine and the Red Rivers, along the 100th meridian, and part of the Arkansas river…
“…more importantly, the treaty limited the extent of the US territories within the Louisiana purchase, recognizing the “Oregon Territory” as part of the Empire of Mexico and denying the United States access to the Pacific Ocean…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“The royalist defeat at the battle of Santana was by far not only the end of the Northern campaigns, but the effective end of Portuguese rule over Brazil…
“…not only had the loyalist army been beaten and Prince Pedro of Braganza badly wounded, but the very spirit and morale of the troops had been broken and the retreat back to Rio de Janeiro was plagued by desertions, surrenders and even a couple of reported suicides…by the time the remains of the army had reached the capital, only 1,500 of the 12,000 that had taken part in the Third Northern expedition had made it back to the headquarters…
“…Prince Pedro set sail and began his journey back to Lisbon on January 6th of 1822, leaving the command of the troops on General Felisberto Caldeira Brant, who would lead the loyalist armies with great bravery and efficiency until the end of the war in 1824…”
“…150,000 circassians killed, 200,000 displaced, 67,000 natives made prisoners of war; 50,000 soldiers lost, killed or wounded, 350 artillery pieces lost, 25 towns and coastal stations taken…”
“…such was the estimate given by the Russian commanders on July of 1821 when the Russian-Circassian war was declared to be over, even though the conquest and subjugation of the region would take another 20 years to be completed…
“…true or not, the numbers given by the Russian General staff were more than enough to placate Tsar Alexander’s ambitions, and with large amounts of territory in the Balkans under the Russian yoke and ready to be colonized by Russian and Cossack settlers, the brutal and massive 7 year campaign could be declared to be over…
“…yet if would be more possible to find the actual reasons for the Tsar’s decision to halt his conquest of the Caucasus in the development of events in the Balkans, where the spirit of “national awakening” and the cause of independence finally resulted in a massive rebellion of the Greek populace against Ottoman domination in the Aegean…
From…The United States, a General and Political History 1789-1824
“…if by the treaty of Veracruz the independence of Mexico as a federal and constitutional monarchy had been guaranteed and recognized by the Spanish Crown, the negotiations over the Florida incident and the perpetual border dispute between the Spanish and the Americans would nevertheless prove that Mexico remained an integral part of the Spanish Empire, not only de jure, but de facto as well…
“…on many occasions Marshall Agustin de Iturbide, Secretary of State and Protector of Spain in the name of his majesty, the Emperor, would take the place of his ambassador and act on behalf of the Mexican delegation without the consent or knowledge of the King or the Foreign minister, much to the anger of the Spanish Minister, Onís, while US Secretary of State Adams was unable to take advantage of this due to both the divisions within the US Cabinet and the always present willingness of the Spanish and the Mexicans to put their differences aside and fight together to protect their interests from the perceived greed of the American foreign minister…”
“…the treaty of Washington was finally signed on November 11th of 1821, merely months after the coronation of Emperor Francisco I and almost a year since the deposition of the Spanish governor at Pensacola…
“…the clauses of the treaty established that the colony of Florida would be handed to the United States government in exchange of a compensation of 5 million dollars, while the governments of Mexico, the United States and Spain recognized the purchase, they would also set a new border agreement by which the United States abandoned any claim to the Mexican territories of Tejas, creating a new border along the Sabine and the Red Rivers, along the 100th meridian, and part of the Arkansas river…
“…more importantly, the treaty limited the extent of the US territories within the Louisiana purchase, recognizing the “Oregon Territory” as part of the Empire of Mexico and denying the United States access to the Pacific Ocean…”
From…Historia General de las Americas
“The royalist defeat at the battle of Santana was by far not only the end of the Northern campaigns, but the effective end of Portuguese rule over Brazil…
“…not only had the loyalist army been beaten and Prince Pedro of Braganza badly wounded, but the very spirit and morale of the troops had been broken and the retreat back to Rio de Janeiro was plagued by desertions, surrenders and even a couple of reported suicides…by the time the remains of the army had reached the capital, only 1,500 of the 12,000 that had taken part in the Third Northern expedition had made it back to the headquarters…
“…Prince Pedro set sail and began his journey back to Lisbon on January 6th of 1822, leaving the command of the troops on General Felisberto Caldeira Brant, who would lead the loyalist armies with great bravery and efficiency until the end of the war in 1824…”
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Very good maverick!
Just a nitpick. Actually, you could not say the battle happened in Feira de Santana, since this name was only created in the 1870's. The first name of that village was Santana dos Olhos d'Água, and during the 1820's was still a small and unimportant place. A best place to happen a battle nearby would be Cachoeira, the municipality wich Santana belonged to, and one of the biggest cities of Bahia at that time. Of course, you can always say only Battle of Santana, which could work too.
Just a nitpick. Actually, you could not say the battle happened in Feira de Santana, since this name was only created in the 1870's. The first name of that village was Santana dos Olhos d'Água, and during the 1820's was still a small and unimportant place. A best place to happen a battle nearby would be Cachoeira, the municipality wich Santana belonged to, and one of the biggest cities of Bahia at that time. Of course, you can always say only Battle of Santana, which could work too.