The Devil's Advocate -- How to get there

Taylor Caldwell's The Devil's Advocate (1952) is a political polemic, anti-the New Deal and horribly melodramatic. Yet, it does portray in grim detail the ways of a totalitarian state. The majority of people live in a gray, deprived, washed-out semi-poverty, working long hours for little return, while the ruling class have good lives. The nation is perpetually mobilized for war, working to become the world hegemonic-state, destroying other countries one at a time.

For the moment, we'll ignore the melodramatic plot and its implausible main movers and concentrate on how things got there. How was it that the battered-but-recovering, politically diverse nation of 1932 become the authoritarian, (might as well say it) Fascist state of the book? The implied date, though never clear, is around 1970.

So. How did it happen? Well . . .

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The National Recovery Administration (NRA -- not to be confused with any other NRA) was a significant force in the so-called "First New Deal". Established in 1933 by the National Industrial Recovery Act, it was intended to end what was called "the murderous doctrine of savage and wolfish individualism, looking to dog-eat-dog and devil take the hindmost." The NRA established industrywide production codes, setting minimum pay rates, maximum work weeks, and regulating labor.

At first, it was successful. The industries fell into line, organizing cartels which reduced pressure to compete, thus keeping wages and prices up. However, small businesses found the codes, in which they had little or no say, made their operations complicated if not impossible. There were several lawsuits against the NRA, of which the deciding one was A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corporation et al. vs. United States, where in May of 1934 the Supreme Court invalidated the NIRA codes, and thereby left the NRA with no purpose.

The first director, Hugh S. Johnson, after organizing and popularizing the NRA, had been forced to resign in September of 1934 because of organizational problems in the implementation of NRA codes, compounded by his heavy drinking. But suppose he had not drunk so much?

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1934 -- NRA director Hugh S. Johnson has confrontation with President Roosevelt, is warned to quit drinking and get things straightened out. He quits drinking, anyhow

1935 -- After lobbying and outright pressure, Schechter vs. USA is narrowly decided by the Supreme Court by 5-4, with the specific case being overturned but the NIRA sustained.

1936-9 -- Under Johnson's leadership, the American economy is more heavily cartelized. Small producers (e.g. Schechter Poultry Corp.) are crowded out, forced to close or sell out. The economy recovers, sluggishly. Johnson becomes well known for "Blue Eagle Rallies", making speeches before large audiences in arenas and the like calling for support of the "Roosevelt NRA Recovery".

1939 -- War breaks out in Europe. Roosevelt calls for "national mobilization", places Johnson in charge. NRA officials lay plans for the conversion of industries to defense-focused production.

1941 -- Japan attacks US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor; a few days later, Hitler declares war on the US in parallel. The NRA is made a branch of the Office of War Mobilization; Johnson is made Director of the OWM.

1942-4 -- American industrial production is converted to war materials; rationing bites hard in the civilian sector, justified as a need to focus production on the "boys in uniform" (later amended to "boys and girls in uniform" as the women's military services become more important). American armed forces speedily grow to the largest and most powerful in the world.

[I am assuming that without the heavy drinking he indulged in, in OTL, Johnson will live past 1942.]

1944 -- Not caring for Vice-President Henry A. Wallace, Roosevelt get him to decline renomination and leaves the decision to the Democratic Convention, indicating privately to various party leaders that his preferred candidate was Senator Truman of Missouri. Director Johnson schedules an OWP/NRA Blue Eagle Rally in Chicago. The convention is swayed to nominate him for Vice-President. This surprises Roosevelt. Due to Roosevelt's ill health, Johnson takes the lead in campaigning and the Roosevelt-Johnson ticket wins.

1945 -- Roosevelt dies of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12. Johnson is sworn in as President. Germany surrenders in May; after the dropping of two atom bombs, Japan does likewise in September.
Discontent begins as the OWP continues on a wartime mobilization, as very few soldiers (mainly the original draftees) are discharged and shipped home. President Johnson responds to the discontent in his December speech, where he cites the need to maintain a heavy occupation of Germany to prevent Nazi recrudescence and of Japan to eradicate militarism. He further cites Soviet expansionism in Europe and the Far East.

1946 -- Draft riots in Los Angeles and San Francisco, and unrest in the Japanese resettlement camps are ascribed to Soviet influence. When a riot occurs among demonstrators outside the White House, during which several break through police lines and start a fire in the building, President Johnson cracks down. A new unified national police agency with a strong paramilitary presence (resembling the prewar French Gendarmerie nationale), a substantial security and counterintelligence service, and a large bodyguard service for the President and other government officers is established, subsuming the FBI, the Secret Service, and the U.S. Marshals. To avoid any favoritism, the new organization is given a name unrelated to any of them, and to show its elite quality, it is styled the "Picked Guard of America".

1947-8 -- The powers of the Picked Guard are tested. A number of anti-administration politicians and public figures are arrested, tried for corruption or perversion, and sentenced to long prison terms. Raids on various national non-party political organizations "reveal" Soviet ties, with consequent dissolution and imprisonment of leaders.
In the 1948 election, after the arrest of former Vice-President Wallace for Soviet ties, Johnson handily wins.

1949 -- The detonation of a Soviet atom bomb leads to an American ultimatum. When Stalin refuses, American armies attack the Soviet forces in Europe. A Soviet nuclear weapon is detonated over American troops in Germany, leading to retaliation against Russian cities. No further Soviet atom bombs are employed, leading to some speculation over the origin of the one weapon that was used.

1950 -- Soviet power collapses. The United States occupies European Russia, patrolling the Asian republics with air strikes. The whereabouts of Stalin and his government remain unknown, albeit reports of a government in Alma-Ata surface.

1951 -- The British Labour government joins with the French Fourth Republic, which happens to have a left-center coalition at the time, to protest American continued mobilization and authoritarian rule of the occupied territories of Europe. In response, President Johnson obtains a declaration of war and invades the two countries; with the already-existing network of American bases there and the poor economies of the two countries, what is called "World War IV" only lasts a few days.

1952 -- Celebrating his re-election (unopposed), President Johnson takes one drink too many and chokes . . . [To Be Continued]
 
You have no idea how tempted I was to have Johnson's wartime title be "National Industrial, Commercial, Communications, Foodstuffs, and Resources Director." And he'd have a player piano in his office, too.

:D
 
Upon President Johnson's death in 1952, the Vice-President, Samuel Williams, took the oath. He had been Johnson's assistant at the NRA and remained so during the war. He was unassertive and easily dominated.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Truman Smith, held a meeting with the Chief: the Army Chief of Staff, General George V. Strong, the Chief of Naval Operations, Lewis Denham, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Pedro del Valle.

(The WWII commanders had all been retired, in some cases quite forcibly. The current JCS commanders had been chosen for their willingness to obey Johnson.)

The commanders resolved to intensify their domination of the U.S. and its occupied lands. After some unrest in state legislatures, they persuaded President Williams to sign a Presidential Memorandum dividing the U.S. into a dozen regions, each composed of several former states, under the governance of senior military officers. There was some resistance to this but it was soon suppressed, to the tune of official condemnations of "states' rights".
 
Wait, an anti New Deal movie is about how the upper class is super awesome?

It wasn't a movie, it was a book. And very much in the theme of the Old Right, the people who thought Herbert Hoover was soft on communism and Calvin Coolidge too flamboyant.

Inspiration for Atlas Shrugged? :D

Considering how religiously devout Caldwell was and has the characters in the book being, I very seriously doubt it.
 
I wanted to bring in the aftermath of the revolution too. Which had a number of surprises . . .

(Durant is the protagonist of the novel, a Minute Man revolutionary who is put in charge of oppressing the people of his district until they realize how bad the government is and rebel. Arthur Carlson is the Chief of the Picked Guard, and simultaneously of the Minute Men [why does this sound like an A. E. van Vogt novel?], who is having his Minute Men do this nationwide. Really concerned about his people, isn't he?)

Carlson’s attitude was almost relaxed, as if some great burden had fallen from his back, and he could see the promised land — which, Durant remembered, Moses had never been allowed to enter. He listened calmly, with a certain concentration, to the speech.

“It’ll be a hard row to hoe,” Sadler said. “So many of the principles of the Democracy have been burned into young people’s souls.”

“Young people rebel. They can turn against those principles. What is it?”

One of the Picked Guards — a Minute Man, Durant corrected himself — had rushed into the room. “There’s a broadcast from Richmond. They’re just getting through the introduction . . .” and he changed the channel.

The man on the screen was a hard, bitter, perhaps twisted man. He stood before the Stainless Banner of the old Confederacy, and as the sound came up they could hear him.

“I’m Jake Featherston, and I’m here to tell you the truth!” he began, his face lit up with some glee. “Truth is, we here down in the old Confederacy have had it with Yankee interference. Boys have been flocking to the colors, and now, today, the Provisional Confederate Congress met here in Richmond and elected me President . . .”

Carlson passed a hand over his eyes. “I thought they would be mollified by the downfall of the Democracy. Turn it off. I can’t stand that man.”

“Sir?” Another Minute Man had come in. “There’s a broadcast from Toronto.”

“Are the old provinces of Canada declaring their independence?” Carlson said, a hint of pleasure in his voice.

“Uh, not quite . . .”

This man was a grave, distinguished person, with a certain ambiguity about him. The bloody flag of the Democracy with its single star was on the wall behind him. He was speaking slowly, precisely, “Greetings. I am Walter Trowbridge. I was once a Senator in the Democracy. The corrupt rulers, who destroyed our noble aims, removed me from office, and exiled me to the Frozen North. Now that these betrayers of the true aims of the Democracy have been expelled from power, we, the New Underground, are calling upon the supporters of the ideals that have empowered our nation since 1933 to join with us to restore them . . .”

“Trowbridge,” Carlson said, thoughtfully. “A full-score follower of the Democracy, one of the President’s lickspittles — until he began to show a little too much independent thought. The Military wanted him removed.”

Now another Minute Man came in. Carlson had men monitoring the air waves, and that seemed to have been a wise decision. He noticed the entrant and said, wearily, “What is it now?”

“There’s a report from Alberqueque. Apparently some group patched in a different speech. It apparently had the President — the old President — denouncing the Democracy and calling on the people to rise up. There are riots all across the former states of New Mexico, Arizona, and California, in the name of something called ‘The Covenant’.” He paused. “There was a message . . . the monitors claim it was from the broadcast station. It was taken over by an organized force and blown up after the speech was transmitted. They said, ‘The station is now off the air and demolition will take place in approximately thirty seconds. An attempt will be made to beat a retreat before the building goes up. Good luck.’”

Carlson seemed to slump.

About half an hour later, two other messages came on the air, almost simultaneously. One was from New York, where a Picked Guard detachment reported that all the bridges to Manhattan had been demolished, and numbers of Negroes with shaved heads could be seen marching around, arresting people and herding them away from the shores. This problem was resolved with a broadcast from the New York television studios.

The Negro who spoke looked like a prophet. He was absurdly tall, completely bald, and wore a long red robe. He knitted his brows in thought before speaking. “My name is Michael, and I am speaking to you from the temporary location of Equity, the nation for the oppressed African-American population of America . . .”

Then the other station broke in. “Hermanos, soy Maximilian Rodriguez de Santos . . .”

Carlson said, almost helplessly, “Does anyone speak Spanish?”

Fortunately someone was found, and as the others listened to the demands of this man in New York, he concentrated on the Mexican speaker. His final report was disturbing. “He has announced the restoration of the Republic of Mexico, with the Constitution of 1917, but with the boundaries of 1835. He officially denounced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and annulled the independence of Texas.”

Ten minutes later the radio waves went dead. Technicians scrambled around. A man came in and spoke to them. “All the frequencies are jammed. We can’t get a signal through. It’s like there’s a wall keeping the electronic spectrum shut off.”

Carlson was drained, helpess. “Isn’t there anybody around to obey an order? Isn’t there a brain left in this country?”

Then the radio and the television both burst into sound. “For twelve years, you have been asking ‘Who is John Galt?’ This is John Galt speaking . . .”
 
Next day . . .

“How long did that dreadful man talk?” Carlson had no appetite. His breakfast lay across the plate, half-demolished, congealing.

“Until four in the morning.” Durant had, as a good staff officer, fielded the report. He too had slept poorly, and his appetite was almost as nonexistent.

“I feel sorry for the man who had to monitor it.”

“Apparently he spent as much time denouncing the Church as he did the Democracy. Seemed to equate the two.”

Yet another Minute Man came in, and politely said, “Sir, there’s more news from New York.”

Carlson seemed to peak up a little at that. “Has that man Michael been reasonable?”

“Er, no, sir. There was a Puerto Rican who escaped — he swam across the North River — but on the way he saw something else. There were Negroes in uniform, soldiers. They were wearing insignia and he thought it said ‘Afro-American Liberation Army.’

“The watchers on the Jersey shore have seen fighting between groups of Negroes.”

Durant felt sad. The Democracy had sponsored massacres of American Negroes, even as it drafted them into regular Army units. Someone must have decided to organize an army from these oppressed veterans.

“Keep me posted,” Carlson said, defeated.

At noon there was an even more disturbing news item. “I am Vera Allwen, and we are the people of Ecotopia. We have withdrawn from the industrialist-militarist state of America. Our people are united and will never be defeated.

“Should you strive to destroy our harmony, I warn you, nuclear fire will come your way, hidden in your warrens of death . . .”

“It’s a Seattle station,” the Minute Man who was monitoring the transmission said. “We should be getting reports from that area soon.”

Carlson looked drained. He had failed; both as an officer of the Democracy and as a leader of the Minute Men. The chief of the Picked Guard and the chief of the Minute Men alike should have known of all these movements, and he had not.

America might be worse off now than it had been under the Democracy.


Dinnertime brought even worse news. “General Freeman’s been killed.”

“Picked Guard?” Carlson said, drained, exhausted.

“No. Some outfit called ‘The Order’ took credit. The man who shot him said that Freeman was a secret Jew and the whole revolution was run by the Jews.”

There was a third man at the table. John Graham was to be President, a general who had resigned after taking too much from the Democracy. He was not as exhausted as Carlson and Durant, but he had not been hearing of the blows of one rebellion after another.

Graham said, sadly, “How unfortunate. The Democracy murdered the survivors of those who had been tormented by the Nazis and the Communists. Their attempt at a refuge was given over to the Arabs, and they have turned on the Christians there.”

“God help them,” Carlson said, his voice that of an ancient prophet.

“Sir, there’s a call from Richmond.”

“Have they come to their senses?” Carlson said.

“No, it’s that Featherston. He wants to speak to the man in charge.”

Carlson got to his feet. “Durant, there’s a speakerphone in the next room. You go listen in to what they’re saying, you have a fine legal mind. Maybe you can figure out what is driving this Featherston.”

They were delaying, but soon Durant found himself looking at a little box with a perforated front. The grating, ugly voice of Jake Featherston came out. “I’m callin’ on behalf of the Confederate States of America, and I want you to recognize our independence! We ain’t gonna put up with Yankee tyranny no more!”

Graham said, “Mr. Featherston —”

“Shut up! I don’t want to speak to no puppet! Get me that feller as pulls your strings, that Carlson!”
 
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