The Co-Prosperity Sphere

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 742: Caribbean Islands during the Battle for the Caribbean

Over the course of the Second Great War, the United States assumed Britain's defense responsibilities in the Caribbean. In September 1940, the two countries agreed to the Lend-Lease Agreement (known as the Bases-for-Destroyers Agreement). It involved the loan of American destroyers in return for leasing, rent free for ninety-nine years, eleven naval and air bases on British territory, including the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana, and Bermuda, as well as Newfoundland. The eastern Caribbean became the forward edge of American defense strategy, formalized in the Panama Declaration of 1939. American strategists called the West Indies as "the bulwark that we watch." More than 50 percent of the supplies sent to Europe and Africa from the United States were shipped from ports in the Gulf of Mexico and passed through the Caribbean. In 1942, the United States Caribbean Defense Command reached a total of 119,000 personnel, half of them stationed in Panama to protect the canal from another anticipated Japanese attack. Meanwhile, the German High Sea Fleet, the Imperial French Fleet, the Royal Italian Navy and the Royal Spanish Navy inflicted massive damage on shipping in the Caribbean in 1942. By the end of that year, U-boats, auxiliary cruisers and armed transport ships, as well as cruisers, destroyers, battleships, carriers and aircraft carriers of the Axis Central Powers operating in the Caribbean had sunk 483 ships, at least half of which were oil tankers. Parts of the Caribbean had been colonized by countries that now came under Axis Central Powers occupation, or switched sides to ally with the Axis Central Powers. Aruba and Curaçao remained loyal to the Dutch government-in-exile, but because they housed valuable refineries that processed Venezuelan petroleum, they were placed under British protection. Both islands were subjected to German attacks in Operation Neuland. In 1942 they were transferred to the United States, which had also occupied the Dutch Colony of Surinam and French Guiana in 1941 to secure its bauxite mines and prevent any attacks on nearby British Guiana or also nearby oil producing Venezuela that was important to the Allied oil supplies and transport routes to the African Theatre and Front.

Martinique and Guadeloupe came under the control of Fascist France, the later Royal France or Imperial France. At the same time the Americans, British, Free France and some local governments feared the German, Italian, French or Spanish minorities in some of their countries like Argentina, America, Brazil and Uruguay, as well as Dutch, French and Spanish former colonies or large local ethnic groups of those and other Axis Central Powers countries as well, as there was no way for the Allies or local government to know for sure if any of these ethnic groups, or even their own citizens and populations harbored any sympathies and support for the Axis Central Powers, or even worked as spies, informants and saboteurs for the Axis Central Powers, similar how on the Pacific Coast the governments and militarizes that remained neutral or had joined the Allies in Mexico, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile feared ethnic minorities of the Co-Prosperity Sphere like Japanese, Chosen/ Koreans, Chinese (of all ethnics), Siamese/ Thai, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Burmese as well as many kinds of Indian and Southeast Asia ethnic groups as well. One of the major Allies accomplishments was the fact that the American and British pressure ensured that several French ships, including its only aircraft carrier, Béarn, remained interned at Martinique, so that they could not make contact to the Axis Central Powers or directly support their operations in the Caribbean. At the same time thousands of refugees fled, many going to Dominica, while an anti-Imperial French and anti-Axis Central Powers movement grew. Many of this islands, North American and South American territories however switched their allegiance to their own Governments-in-Exile, or outright the Allies. That naturally meant that after the End of the Second Great War in 1944 the Axis Central Powers that claiming these colonies, or desired their own ones in the Caribbean returned, this time without much American or British Naval Powers opposing their ambitions.

 

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Chapter 743: Chilean Choices

At first Chile tried to remain neutral when war broke out in Europe, as they had close trading links with the German Empire and also a long Prussian Army tradition of advisers, training and uniforms in the Chilean Army. Ironically enough as Argentina grew closer to the German Empire and the Axis Central Powers, one of it's South American rivals Chile actively started to distanced itself from the Axis Central Powers, and the Chilean government even took steps to dismiss pro-German military officers from within the Chilean Army. Much of this was also, because of a attempted Nazi-backed coup in September 1938 that turned most of the Chilean population against the German community within Chile. Under the direction of Carlos Keller and Jorge González von Marées the National Socialist Movement of Chile took up position similar to those of Adolf Hitler following its formation in 1932. The coup itself was also known as the Seguro Obrero Massacre took place on September 5, 1938, in the midst of a heated three-way election campaign between the ultraconservative Gustavo Ross Santa María, the radical Popular Front's Pedro Aguirre Cerda, and the newly formed Popular Alliance candidate, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. The National Socialist Movement of Chile supported Ibáñez's candidacy, which had been announced on September 4. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a coup d'état that was intended to take down the rightwing government of Arturo Alessandri Palma and place Ibáñez in power. The coup also failed as more direct support from Nazi Germany never came after the German's own military Coup against the National Socialist Government that ended Nazi rule there. The more domestic Chilean version of fascism and fascist royalist tried to avoid fading away and had adopted the name Vanguardia Popular Socialista before being disbanded in 1941. In 1940 some ex-members also founded the corporatist Movimiento Nacionalista de Chile and members of this latter group were instrumental in the later rise of Fatherland and Monarchy movement that would bring the regime of Augusto Pinochet later on.

But long before that relations with Axis Central Powers countries still decreased thanks to the 1938 support for the Chilean coup and completely broke once war was declared in 1943. Throughout the duration of the war, Chile stationed navy ships around its territory of Easter Island to protect it from a potential Japanese attack against South America, and military presence was strengthened at the vital harbors of Antofagasta, Valparaíso and Talcahuano. Chilean merchant naval ships also aided Peruvian, Colombian and Cuban ships in patrolling the area around the Panama Canal Zone. At the same time Chile was quit nervous about it's small Japanese minority of a few thousand people and carefully watched their every step with the help of the Chilean police and army, while the border to Argentinia was closely guarded to avoid the German and Italian minorities there from crossing into Chile and serving as spies, saboteurs and infiltrators. To that extent starting from 1943, the Chilean prison camp of Pisagua became the site of wartime internment for citizens of enemy nations when Chile entered the Second Great War on the Allied side briefly. Around a year later in 1944 after the Second Great War between the Allies and the Axis Central Powers officially ended, the Chilean government released these prisoners and claimed to only have done so because of American financial, economical and military pressure, against their very own will. The Americans claimed this to be a lie and the Germans knew so too, but with the Chilean German military connection and tradition, the German Empire backed both Argentina and Chile to balance each other off in South America and to support German economic and military interests in the area, like during the Brazilian Civil War later. While Chile became more and more influenced by the Japanese Empire and the Co-Prosperity Sphere, Argentina moved closer to the Axis Central Powers, increasing their rivaling ambitions against one another and Brazil in South America once more within the next few years.

 

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Chapter 744: The Red Torii during the Second Great War

During the Second Great War, Imperial Japan spread it's State Shinto and Buddhism throughout all of Asia and the Pacific that it's Co-Prosperity Sphere directly controlled. This was partly done thanks to conversion of native animistic tribes, the incorporation of various local Animist, Buddhist and Shamanist religions, cults and sects (in Japan, China and the rest of East Asia and Southeast Asia), but also with propaganda and educational campaigns as well. In many parts of mainland China, but even more so in Southeast Asia and the Pacific this was also done by the Red Torri, the Japanese and Co-Prosperity Sphere of the Red Cross, where Shinto Priests (Kannushi meaning "proprietor of kami" and shinshoku meaning "god's employee") worked alongside Miko (Shrine Maidens or priestess/ female shaman) to not only preach and prey, but actively work as doctors and nurses inside Japanese build hospitals, field hospitals, as well as local shrines and temples, were wounded Co-Prosperity Sphere soldiers were hospitalized and nursed back to health the best way possible. This also meant that they would pray and preach the Shinto religion to those they nursed and healed and pray to the Kami and ancestors with them. Further more Japanese State Shinto that the Red Torii was officially a part and branch of, used their local medical supplies and work to preach to native tribes and ethnic groups. Those of this groups that were Animist, Buddhist, Shamanistic or Hindu/ Hindi in any way or form quickly told by the Red Torii and the State Shinto Organizations that they were a fellow branch of traditional Asian religions, brothers in mind and spirit so to say. Because of this the Red Torii and the State Shintoism supported many of this local religious traditions, sects and cults to help them form a better organization and hierarchy, so they could rise to become true local ethnic religions for their people, while at the same time being incorporated into overall Shinto, Buddhist, Animistic, Shamanistic, Hindu/ Hindi and other traditions and religious believes, as long as they did not come from Europe or America in any way or form and could therefore be exploited by anti-American, Anti-European, anti-Imperial, anti-Colonial Coprospist ideology and propaganda.

Because the Red Torii was so directly linked and involved with State Shintoism, local Japanese and Co-Prosperity Sphere governments as well as the army and navy forces in general, their overall resources and supplies were much more limitless, then that of many of it's Allied or Axis Central Powers counterparts, like the Red Cross. At the same time the Red Torii was also much more limited and hindered then the Red Cross, because of the overall industrial and infrastructural limitations of the Imperial Japanese/ Co-Prosperity Sphere industries and medical complexes, as well as the fact that the Allies purposely withheld some information and research about medicine and medicament's from both the Axis Central Powers and the Co-Prosperity Sphere to prevent their enemies from using it on their soldiers. At the same time State Shinto did not only supply the Red Torii with hospitals and medical offices all over the Co-Prosperity Sphere, but also supply schools, were Shinto priests would also be used for spiritual guidance. At the same time State Shinto and the Red Torii did not only focus on healing and spiritual guidance in this schools and hospitals there, as since 1942/1943 these schools were also used by the Red Torii and State Shinto organizations as provisional hospitals with students performing nurse tasks on a regular basis as “volunteers”. The Imperial Japanese Army and other local Co-Prosperity Sphere militarizes and governments also used this newly established and even taken over older old schools for their own Coprospist education and propaganda, but also for paramilitary training of the youth to become radical and fanatic soldiers for the Co-Prosperity Sphere armies and navies in the future. Therefore their Coprospist teachers, priests and military instructors in these schools claimed that if they were not ready to fight and sacrifice themselves for Coprospism and the Co-Prosperity Sphere, American and European long-nosed white Colonial Imperialist would return to enslave them, their families friends and loved ones, juts like they had enslaved or tried to enslave their parents and grandparents before that for centuries.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 745: Italian Libya, Libya Italiano

The coastal parts of Italian Libya became an integral part of Italy under a law of 9 January 1939, and Libya came to be called "the Fourth Shore of Italy" (Quarta Sponda). Libyans were given "Special Italian Citizenship" that was only valid within Libya. Libyans were allowed join the Muslim Association of the Lictor, a branch of the National Fascist Party (the later National Fascist Monarchist Party). This allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army: the 1st Sibille and 2nd Pescatori. The units had Italian officers with Libyan NCOs and soldiers. The Libyan divisions were loyal to Italy and performed well in combat. Squadrons of Libyan Spahis served as light cavalry. These measures reduced the appeal of the Libyan resistance movement and kept it mostly limited to Fezzan, and even there it remained weak before the arrival of Free French, British and American troops in the area. Libya saw some of the fiercest fighting of the North African Campaign. At the start of the war, Italy aimed to extend Libya's borders to the south and annex a land bridge connecting it to Italian East Africa. In September 1940, Italy launched the Western Desert Campaign with its invasion of Egypt. That December, the British counterattacked with Operation Compass, which pushed Italian forces back over the border, occupied all of Cyrenaica, and captured most of the Tenth Army. With German support, this territory was regained during Operation Sonnenblume, though the Allies successfully lifted the Siege of Tobruk. The Battle of Gazala in 1942 finally drove the Allies from Tobruk and back into Egypt. The Second Battle of El Alamein in Egypt allowed the Axis Central Powers to push from Libya deeper into Egypt, ending the Western Desert Campaign for good. Until then the Kingdom of Italy, by now the reborn Roman Empire once again had incorporated former French Tunis into Italian Libya (Quarta Sponda) and renamed the western part of Libya Libya with Tunis Africa, afetr the ancient Roman Province whiel the East of Libya remained Cyrenaica after it had already be named after a ancient Roman Province. All of this coastal regions however were directly administrated as another part of Italy by the Roman Senate directly.

At the same time Senator Mussolini, still the Friend of Mohammedanism, in hopes to gain local loyality and a fifths column against the Allies and British in their remaining Asian and African colonies had began fielding a local gendarmerie (African and Arab), meharistes (camel troops), zaptie (carabinieri), Sahariani (desert troops), spahi (irregular cavalry) units and had began to train the Arab Lictor Youth as a paramilitary, so those forces could help guard, stabilize and secure Italian Africa and the back of the Axis Central Power front liens against local uprisings and Allied offensives. Thanks to new roads and railways around 40,000 locals Mohammedans would fight for the Italian/ Romans during the Second Great War, while around 80,000 people, up to one third of the Cyrenaican population (or one around tents out of a total population of 893,774) was deportee out of the area or into concentration camps while over 225,000 died during the uprisings and military campaigns. This way there was now room for Italian/ Roman settlers and colonists, whose numbers would soon rise to over 100,000 before the Second Great War. The use of local auxillary forces against local rebellions and uprisings was a brainchild of Senator Mussolini who proudly claimed “ no matter who falls in the fight for Libya, he will make room for true Italo-Roman colonists”. The major Italo-Roman population centers were the towns and cities at the coats, as well as the coastline at first, but harsh treatment of the locals, denying of food and other supplies, as well as the Second Great War would increase the overall Italo-Roman percentage. Soon plans were made to make the coast a majorly Italian colony until the 1950s and 1960s, including overall 500,000 Italian/ Roman settlers and colonists until the whole Quarta Sponda was Italo-Roman while native auxiliary would guard the interior of the colonies. However after 1944 the Italian Kingdom/ Roman Empire managed to bring in around 100,000 colonial settlers each two years, so the numbers for Italo-Romans until the 1950s were risen to 1,000,000 to ensure that Quarta Sponda and all of Italian North Africa became one of the famous European Colonial Lands and European Majority Regions of Africa until then.

 

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Chapter 746: The Chin National Front and Chin National Army

During the Arakan Campaign and Chindits insurgence of Allied forces into Burma, that would last till 1944, the British also encouraged and supported local independence and autonomy movements from the Kingdom of Burma in hopes to weaken this newest Co-Prosperity Sphere member state and the Imperial Japanese most western front by doing so. In the Burmese Northwest at the border to British India/ Raj, the Imperial Japanese Army had advanced westmost until 1942/1943. Because of that British commandos contacted Chin-Kuki-Mizo leaders, as the name "Chin" was disputed. During the British era, the British used the compound term 'Chin-Kuki-Mizo' to group the Kukish language speaking people, and the later Government of Burma and India inherited this. Chin nationalist leaders in Burma's Chin State popularized the term "Chin" following Burma's independence from Britain with Japanese help to rally their local groups under one unified banner. While the Chin hoped the Burmese Kingdom would allow them to have a independent "special administrative division", not a full-fledged state of their own, the regions importance for the Royal Burmese economics was to huge for the Burmese Royal Government to give into any such demands. Because of this the Chin-Kuki-Mizo as a Sino-Tibetan ethnolinguistic group in the Burmese northwest suddenly had very open ears for the Allies and British once again. The 1886 'Chin Hills Regulation Act' stated that the British would govern the Chins separately from the rest of Burma, which allowed for traditional Chin chiefs to remain in power while Britain was still allotted power via indirect rule, but the new Royal Burmese government wished to have a much more direct rule over all of Burmese Nation State claimed areas, outraging and frightening various local ethnic groups. Suddenly the Chin advocated for their own independent Chin State and instead of continuing its traditional rule of chiefs they would introduce more democratic reforms and elected government. To archive this goal the Chin National Front (Burmese: ချင်းအမျိုးသားတပ်ဦး; CNF) as a Chin nationalist political organization formed in the Kingdom of Burma, with the goal of seeking a federal union of Burma, based on self-determination, ethnic equality and democracy for all ethnic minority groups, not only the Burmese ethnic majority inside the Burmese Kingdom. The Chin even elected their first President, serving as the leader of this claimed Chin State region, as well as the leader of the Chin National Front itself. The Chin National Front stated that they are not based on a class of people, a religious belief, a region or an ideology but works for the benefit of all Chin people. The Chin National Front welcomes and invites any nation, state, organization, and individuals to join in the effort to restore democracy, freedom and federalism in the Coprospist Kingdom of Burma, as they lacked other direct supporters and Allies after 1944 besides occasionally the British from British Raj. When negotiation with the Coprospist Burmese Kingdom failed the Chin National Front formed the Chin National Army (Burmese: ချင်းအမျိုးသားတပ်မတော်; abbreviated CNA) is a Chin nationalist insurgent group in 1942, aided with supplies, weapons and training by British soldiers, as well as Chindits. Soon they started a regional uprising and insurgence against the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Burmese Army, that would contest their control in the area. Their contest in the region would force the later Co-Prosperity Sphere Invasion of Assam and Bengal deeper into India/ British Raj by Japanese, Burmese, Indian, Taikoku and Tibetan forces to outflank their region by going east over Imphal in the Manipur princely state as well as west over the former Kingdom of Arakan (Mrauk U) along the coast. Unwillingly and accidentally their uprising would play a heavy role for this Imperial Japanese planning and greatly help them come up with a false offensive into Manipur/ Assam to lure in more British and Indian Allied forces, so that their later main push in the Assam-Bengal Campaign could come over Chittagong and Tripura princely state cut them off in the east of India, while pushing west towards Dacca and Calcutta, cutting them off completely according to the Japanese plans. While not all of this Co-Prosperity plan for the invasion of India into Assam-Bengal and Ceylon would work out as planned, later historians can't deny that the Chin National Uprising and Guerilla fight while helping the Allies at first in 1942 and 1943 would later lead to one of their most major defeats in the history of British India and the loss of their traditional militarily, industrial and political power base in Bengal.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 747: The Allied famines

The Belgian League of Nations Mandate of Ruanda-Urundi had been given to Belgium, as the German Empire had been seen as to uncivilized and barbaric to have colonies anymore after the First Great War. However during the Second Great War, the Belgium colonial administration and Belgian government in Exile (as Belgium in Europe was split between the Dutch United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Empire) proved that they were not much better for the locals. Troughtout the war years the Ruzagayura famine plagued the region. Though initially caused by a drought, the famine's effects were made worse by the Belgian war effort as authorities tried to send agricultural produce to the Congo to support the Allies in other parts of West Africa, East Africa and the Middle East. The famine killed between a fifth and a third of the colony's population and displaced many thousands more. It led to numerous deaths and a huge population migration out of the territory and into the neighboring Belgian Congo and surrounding areas, causing a refugee crisis there and in the British Tanganyika Territory atop of local native uprisings and Axis Central Powers guerrillas already operating in these areas. The famine is considered to have begun in October 1943 and ended in December 1944. The principal cause of the famine was several prolonged periods of drought in the region in early 1943. However, the problem was exacerbated by attempts of the colonial authorities to send agricultural produce to other regions as part of the Allied war effort in the Second Great War. The colonial administration, together with Christian missionaries, began to transport food to a supply point in Usumbura. This would later cause anti-Western, anti-Christian tendencies so that some locals rather looked towards Mohammedanism or Coprospism. The Rwandan king, Mutara III Rudahigwa, sent aid to the affected region. By the time the famine ended in December 1944, between 36,000 and 50,000 people (between one-fifth and one-third of the total regional population) had died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to British Tanganyika and British Uganda. The migration also served to create further political instability in the areas affected by the mass influx of Rwandans.

This spillover of the refugee crisis and local instability and uprising into the Kongo, Uganda and the Tanganyika Territory administrated by the British as a League of Nations Mandate was in the last also used by the Japanese Empire during and after the Second Great War to promote anti-Western, anti-Colonial and anti-Imperial Coprospist Propaganda in East Africa, just as they did in Asia and the Pacific. The Copropsist Co-Prosperity Sphere had learned to do so under Subhas Chandra Bose who had massively spoken out against the Bengal famine of 1943 (Bengali: pônchasher mônnôntôr) in the Eastern British Raj/ Azad Hind region, a devastating famine in the Bengal province of British India during the Second great War. An estimated 2.1–3 million, out of a population of 60.3 million, died of starvation, malaria, or other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, unsanitary conditions and lack of health care. Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and catastrophically disrupted the social fabric. Eventually, families disintegrated; men sold their small farms and left home to look for work or to join the army, and women and children became homeless migrants, often traveling to Calcutta or another large city in search of organized relief. Historians have frequently characterized the famine as "man-made", asserting that wartime colonial policies created and then exacerbated the crisis. As a result Netaji (Hindustani: “Respected Leader”) Subhas Chandra Bose spoke out even more frequently against British Colonial Rule and amassed many supporters that later the year helped him establish the newly formed the Provisional Government of Assam-Bengal/ Azad Hind in the Eastern Part of the former British Raj.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 748: Mengjiang State Buuto/ Buudo

Inside of Mengjiang/ Mongolia Buddhism had been a influence since the 13th century, when Vajrayana, Buddhism came from Tibet with the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) emperors' conversion to Tibetan Buddhism. It's influence increases after the Dalai Lama becomes the Tibetan King as well as advisers for Mongolian leaders and under Tibetan influence new laws are created to limit hunting, as well as sacrifices of women and children, while new churches, temples and schools were build. From then on Buddhism shaped the mongol culture and society, even other nearby nomadic tribes, like the Kalmyk's and Buryats started to become Buddhists. Buddhism in Mongolia derived much of its characteristics from Tibetan Buddhism of the Gelug and Kagyu lineages, but is distinct and presents its own unique characteristics. Buddhist artist and king Zanabazar (1635 to 1723) was a mongol Lama who studied in Tibet. His art and work would influence Mongol art for two centuries to come. He was also a poet, philosopher, linguist, scholar and builder of churches and temples and a man of the state. The Mongols returned to shamanic traditions after the collapse of the Mongol Empire, but Buddhism reemerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. Mongolian shamanism (Mongolian: Бөө мөргөл — Böö mörgöl in old Mongol, Buu, Buuto or Buudo in Mengjiang), more broadly called the Mongolian folk religion, or occasionally Tengerism, refers to the animistic and shamanic ethnic religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas (including Buryatia and Inner Mongolia) at least since the age of recorded history. In the earliest known stages it was intricately tied to all other aspects of social life and to the tribal organization of Mongolian society. Along the way, it has become influenced by and mingled with Buddhism. During the socialist years of the twentieth century it was heavily repressed and the control of Marxism-Leninism in the Mongolian People's Republic had not only ended feudalism until 1942 but destroyed over 500 Buddhist temples and churches in roughly ten years.

Therefore the Mengjiang Khanate in Outer Mongolia declared Mengjiang/ Mongolian Buddhism and Yellow shamanism the officially State Religion of Mengjiang under the name of Buu, Buuto or Buudo, were Yellow Buddhist Shamanism and Black Mongol Shamanism were fused together as a new religious ideal and ideology. Yellow shamanism as a term was used to designate the particular version of Mongolian shamanism which adopts the expressive style of Buddhism. "Yellow" indicates Buddhism in Mongolia, since most Buddhists there belong to what is called the Gelug or "Yellow sect" of Tibetan Buddhism, whose members wear yellow hats during services. Mongolian Black Shamanism is centered on the worship of the tngri (gods) and the highest Tenger (Heaven, God of Heaven, God) or Qormusta Tengri. In the Mongolian folk religion, Genghis Khan is considered one of the embodiments, if not the main embodiment, of the Tenger. Because of this the Mausoleum of Gengis Khan later build by Khan Demchugdongrub was seen as one of their most holiest temples/ shrines as well as a important traditional center of worship. Under his radical re-buddhistization all destroyed temples were rebuild, or build completely new from the ground inside the Mengjiang Khanate and captured atheist socialists and communists, who had helped with their destruction, the government or the military of the Mongolian People's Republic were often shot on the spot without much of a trial. Thanks to some help by the Japanese, the Mengjiang Khanate became a Co-Prosperity Sphere Member State that was once again proud of their Buddhist heritage and intent to spread their traditions and culture across all of former Mongolian lands once again, deep into Central Asia and Siberia. Inside this new combined Black Shamanic Mongol and Yellow Buddhist Shamanic fused religion of Buu, Buuto or Buudo, Khan Demchugdongrub also known as Prince De or Teh, himself was seen as the reincarnation of the Lama/ Khan, who's previous incarnation reign had ended in 1924 before. That was also one of the reasons, why his reconquest of Outer Mongolia (the Mongolian People's Republic) leads to the reopening and rebuilding of nearly all Mongol Buddhist temples, shrines, sides and holy places that the Communist had previously destroyed or nearly destroyed before, leading to another bloom of Buddhism/ Shamanism under Buu, Buuto or Buudo in the Mengjiang Khanate.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 749: Costa Rica Chaos

The Central American Nation of Costa Rica had been challenged as it's Liberal model was challenged by the left-wing and left-leaning groups in the country. The politics of fascism and fascist royalism were not all that was attractive in the pre-war years, as the Germans also enjoyed growing economic penetration using strict binational trade agreements to ensure that the economic relationship with various Latin American nations would be equal. Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic all had trade agreements with Nazi Germany. Brazil's trade with Germany, for example, doubled between 1933, when Hitler came to power, and 1938 when Germany became a Empire again. With the start of the war in Europe however, Axis Central Power ships could no longer cross the Atlantic for commerce, and so trade between Latin America and Germany, Austria-Hungary Italy and later Spain ceased. Losing trading partners hurt some of the Latin American states, and in most cases the United States was the only country that was able to replace the lost Axis Central Power trade, growing it's own economic, diplomatic and military influence in the region. At the same time the left-wing groups that started to flourish in the early 20th century, including groups of Christian socialists, social-democrats, anarchists, socialists and communists. This helped in the victory of Christian socialist candidate Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia in the 1940 Costa Rican general election. Calderón's alliance with the Communist Party of Costa Rica lead by Manuel Mora and the Catholic Church lead by archbishop Víctor Manuel Sanabria Martínez allowed the Social Reform, which at the same time would cause the outbreak of the later Costa Rica Civil War. The left-wing reformist President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia was an ally of Franklin Roosevelt and hostile to Nazism and National Monarchism. In 1940, it was reported that Calderón and Roosevelt had agreed to the construction of an American base on Cocos Island, Costa Rica's territory in the Pacific; however, the United States ultimately decided on a base in the Galápagos instead. Costa Rica joined the Allies on in 1941, declaring war on Japan and the Co-Prosperity Sphere the week after they attacked the Philippines and America had declared war upon them, and on the Axis Central Powers shortly afterwards.

While Costa Rica's small army of 500 men could not contribute directly to the fighting in any meaningful way or form in the Second Global War as a conflict, Calderón's administration introduced wartime measures against people from Axis Central Power Nations in the country, including property seizure and internment. Targets included Germans, Italians, and Spaniards, the last of whom were viewed as franquistas sympathetic to fascism and fascist royalism, alongside Japanese and other Corpospist (meaning Asian) traders and people. The left-leaning governments decision to act against the Axis Central Powers and the Co-Prosperity Sphere in favor of the United States and the Allies would have dire consequences for the Costa Rican Government and economy after the Second Great War. It would lead to the National Liberation Army and the Ulatista Forces of the National Union Party under command of José Figueres Ferrer to fight against President Theodoro Picardo in armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election of 1948, were the National Unionist Otilio Ulate Blanco had gained the most votes against the Democrats under Fernando Castro Cervantes and the Social-Democrats under José Figueres Ferrer, but then the elections were deemed fraudulent and annulled by the Costa Rican Congress. The Costa Rica Civil War resulted in rouhgtly 2,000 dead in the 44 days it lasted and ended with the National Union installing Blanco as the President of the Free State of Costa Rica once again, ending nearly 100 years of the Costa Rican Republic (beginning in 1848) and being one of the bloodiest events and uprisings in twentieth-century Costa Rican history. The victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections to a new congress, but ending the power it previously had, as they claimed the left-leaning socialists had used it to oppress the will of the people. With the new constitution and a reformed loyal national unionist military, Otilio Ulate Blanco abolished the former presidency, declared himself Caudillo of Costa Rica and established a new state along more National Monarchist/ Fascist Royalis/ Aristrocrat Syndicalist lines that promised universal suffrage and gave equal rights to women and Afro-Costa Ricans for the first time, secured by a strong military of the people, led by national hero Figueres as supreme commander durign much of the rule of Caudillo Blanco until his death.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 750: Bhutan Battles

In the Kingdom of Bhutan, a British protectorate that otherwise remained independent, the reign of Jigme Wangchuck as a king however was threatened by the invading Japanese and Co-Prosperity Sphere Forces coming from the Tibetan Empire and so despite his policy of neutrality, upon the outbreak of the war the king sent the government of India a gift of 100,000 rupees as a gesture of friendship and was depending on his previously limited relations to the British Raj/ British India to now protect him against this invading Coprospist forces. Educated in English, Hindi and Buddhist literature, as the eldest son of King Ugyen Wangchuck, the first who had ruled the whole country, he had ruled as the Druk Gyalpo, or King of Buthan from 21 August 1926 onward, five days before his fathers death. Now he was in deserate need f British Forces defending his rule and his kingdom from the Japanese-Tibetan invaders, who had captured nearly one fourth to one third of his country by now in the west towards Sikkim and in the east. Only quick British reinforcements coming from the railways at Madahirat, Ambapi and Bagrakote, as well as along the Manav River could save them as the Bhutanese forces were poorly equipped, trained and low in overall numbers to face this invasion alone. The ancient Royal Bhutan Capital of Punakha was therefore under direct threat from the nearby Co-Prosperity Sphere forces controlled valleys, but at the same time protected by direct attacks thanks to the surrounding mountains. As a result of this the Tibetan Empire, aided by the Japanese Empire started raids with twenty to fourth fighters and ten to twenty bombers on Buthan, Nepalese and north Indian cities starting in 1942 until they had finally occupied the country later in 1943. This raids were contested by the Royal Indian Air Force, but the nearby the Assam-Benghal frontier and the needed transport plane aerial Burma-Street to the Chinese United Front severely limited the overall numbers of allied fighters used against this in comparison minor raids, only changing when their psychological effects on northern India became far more then their limited proportions lead to believe at first and by then the Japanese had already taken Bengal and operated their bombings on north-central India from there.

The Bhutan Kingdom only survived the initial attacks of 1942 because of the reinforcements by the British from India and in this mountainous, hardly passable terrain, the Allied superiority in tanks and artillery proved vital to defend passes and fortified positions, even without air superiority and support during most of this skirmishes and battles. While the Imperial Japanese and Tibetan Forces had superior numbers at first and even were well trained Mountaineers, they often lacked the same numbers of automatic machine-guns and heavy weapons that their Allied (mainly British and Indian) counterparts had in this mountain and hill skirmishes, fights and battles that even a much smaller initial Allied force was quit good at repelling Tibetan and Japanese assaults on Bhutanese, Sikkim and Nepalese territory. This proved vital, as it bought enough time for major allied reinforcements to arrive in the contested regions and fortify their position to a extent, that the Tibetan and Japanese invaders had no chance in attacking the Himalaya flank of the British in Raj/ India. Their defense hardened to something similar to trench warfare in the First Great War with well fortified positions and even continuously artillery and airstrikes on these mountainous position often proved unable to break them. However more then often these attacks accidentally succeeded too by causing landslides and avalanches that buried whole positions with all their forces underneath them. Some of those poor souls and their equipment would be lost for over sixty, eighty, hundred or hundred-twenty years later before they would finally be found and recovered to finally bury them with military honors. Some of them, the Tibetans and Japanese were buried inside of Tibet or Japan according to their relative wishes, while most of the British Indian/ British Raj forces were buried in the respective Indian states and home regions they originally came for. In many regions it was a celebration to have these heroes and fallen finally returned home and some of their remnant equipment was installed in local history museum afterwards.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 751: The Cuban Convoys

In Cuba, President Federico Laredo Brú led his country when the Second Great War broke out in Europe. In 1940, Laredo Brú denied entry to 600 Jewish refugees who arrived in Havana aboard the MS St. Louis in hope to escape a what they believed to be European War. After both the United States and Canada likewise refused to accept these refugees, they returned to Europe, where many were eventually ending up in White Ruthenia later on. Fulgencio Batists succeeded to the presidency following elections in 1940. Batista closely cooperated with the United States as it moved closer to war against the Axis Central Powers. Cuba declared war on the Axis Central Powers and the Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1941. Cuba was an important participant in the Battle of the Caribbean and its navy gained a reputation for skill and efficiency. The navy escorted hundreds of Allied ships through hostile waters, flew thousands of hours on convoy and patrol duty, and rescued over 200 victims of Axis Central Power U-Boat, merchant raider ships and battleships that attacked from the sea. Six Cuban merchant ships were sunk by U-boats, taking the lives of around eighty sailors. On 15 March 1943, a squadron of Cuban submarine chasers sank a German submarine U-167 near Cayo Blanquizal. Cuba received millions of dollars in American military aid (most quickly becoming useless after the Second Great War) through the Land-Lease program, which included air bases, aircraft, weapons, and training. The United States naval station at Guatanamo Bay also served as a base for convoys passing between the mainland United States and the Panama Canal or other points in the Caribbean. Cuba's special geographical position at the entrance of theGulf of Mexico, Havana's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies, and the country's natural resources, Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater during the Second Great War and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States' Land-Lease program. Cuba was one of the first Latin American countries to declare war on the Axis Central Powers in 1941, entering the conflict directly and it's military would developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations.

Following the 1940 Cuban elections, Brú was succeeded by the "strongman and chief" of the Cuban Army, Fulgencio Batista. At first, the United States was concerned about Batista's intentions; whether he would align his country with the Axis cause, or that of the Allies. Batista, shortly after becoming president, legalized a pro-fascist royalist organization linked to Francisco Franco and the Fascist Royalist regime in Spain, but fear of any National Monarchist sympathies was dispelled for the time being, when Batista sent the British a large quantity of sugar as a gift. Later, fear of Batista's possible sympathy for Franco was also dispelled when the president suggested to the United States that it launch a joint US-Latin American invasion of Spain, in order to overthrow Franco and his regime. This plan, however, did not materialize. Batista's support for the Allied cause was confirmed in February 1941, when he ordered all Axis Central Powers consular officials to leave his country. According to Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, Cuba's military was the "most cooperative and helpful of all the Caribbean states" during the war, and that its navy was "small but efficient" in its fight against Axis Central Power forces. Upon Cuba's declaration of war on the Axis Central Powers, Batista signed an agreement with the United States that gave the latter permission to build airfields in Cuba for the protection of the Caribbean sealanes, and he also signed a mutual defense pact with Mexico for the defense against enemy submarines and ships in the Gulf of Mexico. Among the new American bases was the San Antonio Air Base near San Antonio de los Baños, and the San Julián Air Base in Pinar del Rio, both of which were built in 1942 and turned over to the Cuban military after the war. The United States also supplied Cuba with modern military aircraft, which were vital for coastal defense and anti-submarine operations, and refitted the Cuban Navy with modern weapons and other equipment. During the Second Great War, the Cuban Navy escorted hundreds of Allied ships through hostile waters, sailed nearly 400,000 miles on convoy and patrol duty, flew over 83,000 hours on convoy and patrol duty, and rescued over 200 Axis Central Power submarines and ship victims from the sea, all without losing a single warship or aircraft to enemy action. But even though the Cuban military was praised for its conduct, rumors persisted throughout the war that the Germans were operating small bases hidden in coves along Cuba's coast, which were used to resupply the U-boats. However, while there were such German plans, this fear was unjustified, and the lack of such bases in the Caribbean forced the Germans to develop supply submarines, the German Type XIV submarine nicknamed "milk cows", for logistics of operations in the region.

Cuba lost twelve merchant ships during the war, and the Cuban Navy was credited with sinking one German submarine. The first four sunken merchant ships were the Manzanillo, a steamer of 1,025 tons, the 1,685 ton Santiago de Cuba, the 1,983 ton Mambi, and the 5,441 ton Libertad. Manzanillo was sunk with the Santiago de Cuba on August 12, 1942, by U-508. The two ships were sailing in Special Convoy 12 when they were attacked off the Florida Keys. Altogether, thirty-three sailors were killed in what became the deadliest attack on the Cuban merchant marine during the war. Thirty others survived. The next engagement occurred on May 13, 1943, when U-176 sank Mambi. Mambi was with Convoy NC-18, sailing six miles off Manati, when she was hit by a single torpedo, sinking her quickly. Twenty-three men were killed, including five American United States Navy Armed Guards, who manned the ship's weapons. Eleven others survived, including the ship's master and one of the armed guards. The 2,249 ton American ship SS Nickeliner was also sunk during the same attack, after being struck by two torpedoes. The first torpedo explosion lifted the ship's bow out of the water and threw up a column of water and flames about 100 feet into the air. The second damaged the tanks of ammonia water the ship was carrying. Miraculously, the crew, which included seven armed guards, escaped into lifeboats without a single loss of life. They were rescued by a Cuban submarine chaser as Nickeliner sank, and landed at Nuevitas. Libertad was the largest Cuban merchant ship sunk in the war. On the morning of December 4, 1943, the 5,441-ton Libertad was sailing about seventy-five miles southwest of North Carolina's Cape Hatteras, with Convoy KN-280 (sailing Key West to New York), when the U-129 attacked her. Launching four torpedoes, U-129 struck Libertad twice on the port side, causing the ship to first list severely and then sink rapidly. The crew had no time to send out distress signals, and were still lowering life rafts when the sea water reached the deck of the ship. Twenty-five men were killed, and eighteen others were rescued by the United States Navy after several hours adrift at sea. The final two Cuban merchant ships were sunk in February 1944, apparently without the loss of life. Altogether, Cuba lost 10,296 tons of shipping during the war, as well as about eighty lives, including that of the American armed guards. Today there is a monument in Havana's Avenida del Puerto for the people who died in the attacks.

The only U-boat sunk by the Cuban Navy was U-176, which was the submarine that had sunk Mambi and Nickeliner. On May 15, 1943, a squadron of Cuban submarine chasers, formed by the CS-11, CS-12 and CS-13, sailed from Isabela de Sagua toward Havana escorting the Honduran ship Wanks, and the Cuban ship Camagüey, both of which were loaded with sugar. The crews of the merchant ships, as well as those of the warships were on full alert. Just before their departure, a warning had been received that a surfacing submarine had been detected off the northern coast of Matanzas. The ships sailed in forward lines 500 yd (460 m) apart. Camagüey was on the flank nearest to the coast. The escort navigated at a distance of 750–1,000 yd (690–910 m). The CS-12 was in front, followed by the CS-11 with the squadron chief on board and, finally, the CS-13 was at the rear. At 17:15, when the convoy was off of Cayo Megano, an American Kingfisher floatplane appeared in the sky coming from the northeast. The plane went into a nosedive and, flying at low altitude, circled twice, swaying, and turning on and off its engine. According to an established code, the maneuvers were used to announce the presence of a German U-boat, and to mark its exact position. The Kingfisher then dropped a smoke float. After dropping the float, the Cuban squadron chief ordered the commander of CS-13, Ensign Mario Ramirez Delgado, to explore the area pointed out by the plane. Once the order was received, the CS-13 sailed speedily toward the area, where the patrol boat's sonar received a clear and precise contact at 900 yards. The seaman operating the sonar, Norberto Collado Abreu, was glued to the equipment, without missing a sound. Then the attack started: three depth charges set to explode at 100, 150, and 250 feet, were dropped from the stern, in accordance with the calculated speed of the submarine. Four explosions were clearly detected. The fourth explosion was so strong that the stern of the Cuban ship was submerged and water came in through the hatchway of the engine room. At that time the hydrophones reported a sound similar to a liquid bubbling when it comes from a submerged container that is suddenly opened. The sounds indicated that the U-boat had been hit. To finish the U-boat off, the patrol boat launched two more depth charges, set to explode at 250 feet. A few minutes later, a dark stain was observed on the surface of the water. A spurt of a black and viscous substance smelling like gasoline came up from the deep. Although there was little doubt that the U-boat had been sunk, Delgado was ordered to take a sample of the contaminated seawater to confirm the victory. But even then it was not until after the war, when the Allies seized Germany's naval records, that proof of U-176's sinking was found. According to the seized documents, U-176 was under the command of Captain Lieutenant Reiner Dierksen, had sunk eleven enemy ships in her career, and was herself sunk with all hands lost.

The exploration of the battle area with the hydro-acoustic equipment continued for a short time after the engagement, but no sound was detected. The CS-13 then joined the convoy again and continued its crossing. Upon arrival in Havana, and after personally informing the Head of the Navy, Delgado spoke on the phone with President Batista, who ordered him to keep absolute silence about what had happened. For some unknown reason, according to Delgado, the sinking of U-176 remained a secret to the Cuban public until after the end of the war. In 1946, Delgado was finally awarded the Meritorious Naval Service Order with Red Badge. Furthermore, Samuel Eliot Morison recognized his success in his work History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, where he also praised the ability and efficiency of the Cuban Navy. During the Second Great War, German espionage activity in Cuba was minor, despite the country's importance to the Allied war-effort, and was eliminated by Allied counter-intelligence before it could really begin. Shortly after the beginning of the war, the Germans began operating a clandestine communications network in South America to collect secret information and safely smuggle it out of the region to German-occupied Europe. For Cuba, the German Intelligence sent a man named Heinz Lüning to Havana with orders to establish a secret radio station and then transmit the information he collected to agents in South America, where it would then be sent directly to Germany. The plan could have worked, but Lüning was an incompetent spy who failed to master the very basics of espionage. For example, he was never able to get his radio working correctly, he did not understand how to use the secret ink he was supplied with, and he missed drop boxes. But in spite of all this, after his premature arrest in August 1942, Allied officials, including President Batista, General Manuel Benítez, J. Edgar Hoover, and Nelson Rockefeller, attempted to fabricate a link between Lüning and the German submarines operating in the Caribbean, by claiming that he was in contact with them via radio, in order to provide the public with an explanation for their failures early in the U-boat campaign. Allied officials elevated Lüning's importance to that of a "master spy," but there is no evidence that he ever came across even a single piece of important intelligence during his time in Cuba. Lüning was found guilty of espionage and executed in Cuba in November 1942, becoming the only German spy put to death in Latin America during the Second Great War.

Ernest Hemingway was living at his home, Finca Vigía, in Cuba when the war began. His first contribution to the Allied war-effort without leaving the island was to organize his own counter-intelligence force to root out any Axis spies operating in Havana. Calling it his "Crook Factory," Hemingway's unit consisted of eighteen men, many of whom he had worked with five years before during the Spanish Civil War. The effort was unsuccessful, however, and Hemingway soon turned his attention to fighting the German U-boats operating in the Caribbean Sea. Just three weeks after receiving permission from Ambassador Spruille Braden to form the "Crook Factory," Hemingway asked Braden for permission to arm his fishing boat, the Pilar, for patrols against U-boats off of the Cuban coast. Surprisingly, Baden gave Hemingway permission, and so the latter proceeded with arming the Pilar and the crew with machine guns, bazookas, and hand grenades. Hemingway's plan was similar to that of the Q-ship idea: He would sail around in what appeared to be a harmless pleasure craft, inviting the Germans to surface and board, and when they did, the boarding party would be disposed of with the machine guns, and the U-boat would then be engaged with the bazookas and grenades. Hemingway's patrols against German U-boats turned out to be just as unsuccessful as the counter-intelligence operation was. As the months passed, and as no U-boat appeared, the Pilar's patrols turned into fishing trips, and the grenades were thrown into the sea as "drunken sport." After adding his sons Patrick and Gregory to the crew, Hemingway acknowledged that his U-boat hunting venture had "turned into a charade," but he never admitted it straightforwardly. Years later, the Cuban naval officer Mario Ramirez Delgado, who sank U-176, said Hemingway was "a playboy that hunted submarines off the Cuban coast as a whim."

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 752: The Nusantara Ideal

Inside the Java Karaton, the partly Republican National Mohammedan State of Java faced not only the Darul Islam guerrillas under Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo in West Java with anti-Republican and anti-Japanese ideals, as well as the Communist Party under Musso took advantage of public disaffection by launching rebellion in Madiun in East Java, but also another even more influential faction and group. This major third group was the Nusantara Society in Java that had it's name from Old Javanese term which literally means "outer islands". The word Nusantara itself was taken from an oath by Gajah Mada in 1336, as written in the Old Javanese Pararaton and Nagarakretagama. Gajah Mada was a powerful military leader and prime minister of Majapahit credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. Gajah Mada delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa, in which he vowed not to eat any food containing spices until he had conquered all of Nusantara under the glory of Majapahit. Later historians believe that the concept of Nusantara as a unified region was not invented by Gajah Mada in 1336. Earlier in 1275, the term Cakravala Mandala Dvipantara is used to describe the Southeast Asian archipelago by Kertanegara of Singhasari. Dvipantara is a Sanskrit word for the "islands in between", making it a synonym to Nusantara as both dvipa and nusa mean "island". Kertanegara envisioned the union of Southeast Asian maritime kingdoms and polities under Singhasari as a bulwark against the rise of the expansionist Mongol Yuan dynasty in mainland China. Similar how later Mohammedan Javanese envisioned the same unity lead by them against the Japanese Co-Prosperity, as well as Japanese, Chinese and Malay settlement and colonialism in this natural Javanese and Mohammedan islands. They also used the term Indonesia, that derived from Greek Indos (Ἰνδός) and the word nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians and, his preference, Malayunesians, for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".

In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia; they preferred Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde. After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first native scholar to use the name was Ki Hajar Dewantara when in 1913 he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau. After the Liberation from Durch and British rule, the Brunei/ Borneo Sultanate, inhabitated by Malayans used the terms Malayunesians and the Malayan Archipelago to refer to a Malayan dominated Southeastasia a region (even outside of Sumatra and Borneo where most of the ethnic Malay lived) that was instead also meaning the former Malayan Peninsula were the Siamese/ Tai had deported them from to Malaya/ Malaysia/ Borneo/ Brunei Sultanate. The Japanese opposed their claim over all of the island as well as the term and goals of Indunesia/ Indonesia/ Hindunesia/ Hindonesia as a ideal of some Hindo/ Hindi Island Archipelgo (mainly centered around Bali). The Japanese opposed all of these pan-Indonesian, pan-Malayunesian movements, including the Nusantara Society on Java and the Indonesia ideal as it opposed their own goals of colonizing the area with Japanese (especially the Islands east of Brunei/ Borneo and Java) and splitting them into various smaller ethnic and religious Co-Prosperity Sphere member states. This also meant that they attempted to split the partly republican, Mohammedan and Javanese movement (Wawasan Nusantara or Indonesian Archipelagic Vision) in Java itself, by promoting Javanese, but also Sundanese (western part of the Island, some tribes even still Buddhsit who were promoted massively by the Japanese) and also the Madurese (on the island of Madura) and even promoted their own script, art, architecture and traditions to oppose the greater Mohammedan Javanese Idea and Goals of Indonesia and Nusantra and even challenge the unity of their main majorly populated island.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 753: The Second Battle of Moscow and a White Army Victory Parade

With the Soviet's Red Army Counter-Offensives in 1942 and the beginning of 1943 broken, as well as fresh reinforcements from the Axis Central Powers (including rearmed Red Army POW's who now served in the White/ Imperial Russian Tsarist Army, the Axis Central Powers had decided it was time for a new offensive of their own. Originally they had planned to take Moscow in 1941 but this ambitious plan soon clashed with reality, when the Red Army proved to be much more resistance and able in fighting then the previous skirmishes and fights against the Finnish and Baltic/ East European States had made them look. But in 1942 the Axis Central Powers offensive concentrated on the Caucasian region further south and managed to not only secure and conquer the Caucasian Oil Fields in the Caucasian campaign to secure their oil for the Axis Central Powers. Therefore the planned operation again Moscow had to be rescheduled as a new Soviet Red Army Offensive with fresh Western Siberian reinforcements across the Frontline in the Winter of 1942 and against St. Petersburg preoccupied the Axis Central Power Forces (mainly the Germans, Russians, Austria-Hungarians, United Baltic, Finnish and Ottoman ones). This Axis Central Power defenses even included Tsaritsyn (the former Stalingrad) against a new Red Army Offensive. So in 1943 the Axis Central Powers started the Second Battle of Moscow with around 2,000,000 to 2,400,000 Axis Central Power Forces, including 2,500 to 3,400 tanks, 16,000 artillery, guns and mortars and around 2,600 aircraft who would be facing off against. 1,800,000 to 2,230,000 Red Army soldiers with 6,000 to 8,000 tanks (most without sufficient fuel by now), 40,000 to 50,000 artillery, guns and mortars as well as 3,000 to 4,000 aircraft (most without sufficient fuel by now). While more fuel and supplies were coming in by the Allies over Persia, Stalin himself had refused to use Allied forces, transport vehicles and soldiers to speed up the process, or even openly aid him in fighting the Axis Central Powers and the Co-Prosperity Sphere, as doing so would have shown he realized on them, had the situation no longer under control and had become weak, something Stalin did not want to show as his fear of losing the conflict and his paranoia and mistrust against even his own allies grew stronger each day.

So when the Kalinin Front, the Western Front and the Brjansker Front were heavily assaulted by the Axis Central Powers, Stalin lacked the reinforcements and supplies he could have easily gotten had he not outright refused them. With the chorus of religious and patriotic Russian songs, the Tsarists Forces, accompanied by their German, Austrian, Hungarian, Baltic, Finnish marched on Moscow fighting vicious in the heavily entrenched and fortified outside bunker positions of the city and encircling these main defenses with two spearhead offensives from the north and the south. Most of the Red Army tanks in the capital meanwhile remained in fixed defensive positions as nearly all tank forces lacked fuel by now, the same was true for much of the air force, leaving air superiority and mobility in Axis Central Power hands, something that would become critical for their overall victory during the Secodn Battle of Moscow. In fear of new protests, riots and uprisings Stalin had ordered a curfew and his militia, NKVD, commissaries and Red Army soldiers would shoot anyone on the spot who tried to oppose said orders. Further more some male civilians were pressed into Patriotic Banners, badly armed Soviet militias to defend the capital while their wives, daughters and sons were forced to work labor in help of prepare defensive trenches, anti tank ditches and moats, as well as wooden and concrete bunker positions. While many of the Soviet Leadership had by now been evacuated, Stalin himself refused to do so at first, claiming it would break Russian morale and under force even had prevented civilians from escaping, claiming his soldiers would defend a populated city much more fanatical and with much more fire in their hearts. In the next nearly four months parts of the nearby frontline would change and Moscow would be surrounded, slowly the defenders were outflanked and overrun by Axis Central Powers Forces. The sound of church bells ringing in cities far away had signaled the start of the Axis Central Power Offensive and now the very same sound from inside Moscow showed which city parts were under enemy control, so Stalin ordered to blow up the remaining churches that still stood by now and melt their bells for ammunition and armor.

As more and more parts of Moscow fell, Stalin, unlike he had promised escaped in a armored train eastwards, alongside Beria, and Molotov to reach Kuybyshev (the former Samara) in the east. In 1935, Samara was renamed Kuybyshev in honor of the Bolshevik leader Valerian Kuybyshev. During the Second Great War, Kuybyshev had been chosen to be the alternative capital of the Soviet Union should Moscow fall to the invading Axis Central Powers, with much of the government and bureaucracy evacuated to there till 1943, a move that had been started in 1941, as the Communist Party and governmental organizations, diplomatic missions of foreign countries, leading cultural establishments and their staff were evacuated to the city. A dugout for Joseph Stalin himself known as "Stalin's Bunker" as well and was now planned to serve as his center of command during this Great Patriotic War. To mark its role as wartime national capital a special Revolution Day parade was held at the city's Kuybyshev Square on November 7, 1941. As a leading industrial center, Kuybyshev played a major role in arming the country. From the very first months of World War II the city supplied the front with aircraft, firearms, and ammunition. Health centers and most of the city's hospital facilities were turned into base hospitals. Ethnic minority, non-Russian military units were formed on the territory of the Volga Military District. Samara's citizens also fought at the front, many of them volunteers. Nearby Kazan, originally a secondary possible war-time capital as well had itself many industrial plans and factories as well, most relocated from the west like most all over western Siberia, making the city and others new military industrial centers that continued to produce tanks, planes and other equipment. With nearby oil fields in the Volga-Ural-Caucasian Sea area the Soviet Union government and the Red Army were unwilling to give up, even after Moscow had fallen, however one thing massively changed, when during his train passage with Beria and Molotov, Stalin according to their claims fell from the train in the frozen ice while smoking his pipe (a lie as the later found body clearly had been shot in the back of his head) and the New Triumvirate of Lavrenty Beria, Georgy Malenkov, and Vyacheslav Molotov took over the Leadership of the Soviet Union afterwards until the Fall of the Soviet Government and the Fragmentation of the Soviet Union after the Second Great War during the Second Russian Civil War.

Meanwhile the Axis Central Powers, lead by the Tsarists Russian Forces, followed by the Germans and other Axis Central Power Forces. Churches were reopened with ringing bells, Soviet banners, symbols and statues smashed while portraits and photos of the Tzar Vladimir were openly displayed and a overall joy and relieve washed over the city, not only that the fighting was over, but also that's Stalin's oppressive tyranny, control and censorship was finally gone. People claimed that whoever had been there even felt it in the air. But unlike the German Emperor Wilhelm III and many in his High Command had hoped, the Soviet Union did not simply capitulate after the Fall of Moscow, unlike France had done before, despite the fact that the Axis Central Powers already had installed a parliamentarian monarchist opposition government that even had held it's first free elections in those parts of the country already liberated. It was also a huge move for the Axis Central Powers Propaganda as the eastern enemies capital had fallen once again and they could claim a major victory, while it at the same time forced the Allies to dramatically speed up their plans for a Invasion of Central Europe, a move then made to early, to ill prepared and to hasty by them as a result. Found archives and documents leftover or not yet destroyed by the Soviet government also showed that there had been mass purges, executions, planned starvation, deportations and a system of Gulag prisons for internal enemies of the state that had killed millions most likely. This news turned out to be a incredible good propaganda for the Axis Central Powers as well as the Co-Prosperity Sphere in their fight against the Soviet Union and the Red Army, even if the Soviet Triumvirate and parts of the Allies at first denied that anything like this had ever happened. Over time however the proof of this crimes, including western journalists seeing some liberated Gulags or speaking to survives of the system became so overwhelming that it outright tainted all Allied-Soviet relations after 1944 and ended all aid and supplies given to the remaining Soviets and the Red Army in the following years. At the same tiem Axis Central Power aid for the liberated White Ruthenian, Ukrainian and Russian nations increased thanks to Germany and Austria-Hungary, while the Second Ottoman Empire supplied Turkish and Mohammedan regions in Central Asia after the Second Great War.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 754: Thailand Triumphant

One of the member states of the Co-Prosperity Sphere that had gained most besides the Empire of Japan, was the Kingdom of Siam/ Empire of Thailand as it would call itself after 1941 and the annexation of new territories. Siam/ Thailand led by King Rama VIII, a sixteen year old in 1941, eighteen in 1943 had build up it's armed forces with massive help by the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy partly before, but mainly after joining the Co-Prosperity Sphere. Siam/ Thailand had been able to claim and grab territory from Britain and Franc, former colonies in Indochina, Burma and Malaya. The King and Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram were quit enthusiastic about co-operation within the Co-Prosperity Sphere after gaining so much new land to be administrated by them and resettled with Siamese/ Thai. Thanks to this annexations Siam/Thailang grew nearly 1,5 times in size overall, but their original plan had to be to double their size by annexing Laos as a fellow Tai nation state as their provinces as well. The Siamese/ Tai helped the Japanese Army occupy and secure parts of the new Co-Prosperity Sphere nation state that was the Kingdom of Laos as well as the territories and regions they had outright annexed themselves. Towards Burma they had annexed the regions of fellow Tai Shan people, as well as Burmese, Karen and Mon-Khmer border regions, whose people (especially the Burmese and partly also the Karen) were resettled into the neighboring Co-Prosperity Sphere ethnic member state, the Burmese Kingdom. In the south, the Siamese/ Thai Peninsula (the former Malayan Peninsula), local Malayans, Chinese and other tribal, indian ethnic minorities were forcefully relocated to Brunei/ Borneo (the future Malaya/ Malaysia) Sultanate, so that Central and Southern Siamese/ Thai could resettle and colonize these area for themselves. This however meant that the Siamese/ Thai had to greatly increase their former armed forces. From roughly 100,000 with a few hundred aircraft and a few ships to a sizable Co-Prosperity Sphere Army worthy for 14,000,000 to 16,000,000 Siamese/ Thai.

From 1941 to 1943 the Siamese Kingdom/ Thai Empire would use the training of so called Thai Junior Soldiers (Yuwachon Thahan) to indoctrinate children in Siamese/ Thai and Coprospist schools and use paramilitary training alongside sports to form them into future soldiers for the Royal Siamese/ Thai Army Forces. In the End they would form the new young Officer Corps and later base for the roughly 1,200,000 Royal Siamese/ Thai soldiers that the King, the Field Marshall and the Japanese would press out of the nation state. Most of them would be used against Malayan/ Mohammedan and Communist (mainly Chinese, but also some Malayan) rebels in the Siamese/ Thai Peninsula (the former Malayan Peninsula) that opposed their forceful deportation to Borneo/ Brunei/ Malaya/ Malaysia as well as against Karen, Mon-Khmer, but also some Communist and Burmese Nationalist resistance groups. In these regions most of the newly formed Siamese/ Thai forces were used as part of the army, militia or police forces, as well as in Laos, others were send into Burma and the Burmese-Indian front to fight alongside Taikoku, Yikoku, Burmese, Azad Hind and Japanese Forces who fought against British and Indian Allied soldiers there. Parts of these Siamese/ Thai forces however under Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram were also used to oppose the so called Free Thai Movement, a coalition of socialist, democratic and other forces opposing the Siamese/Thai Monarchy, Coprospism and more open towards the Allies or in chase of the Socialist and Communist even open towards the Soviet Union, even if those Siamese/ Thai's were in the majority. The Coprospist King and the Field Marshall therefore opposed these movement, put it's member into prison, forced labor camps or even outright shot them, claiming them to be spies, saboteurs and agitators for the Allies and the Soviets that tried to openly destabilize, weaken and cripple the new Siamese Kingdom/ Thai Empire from within.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 755: The Austria-Hungarian Slovakian Protectorate

The so called Slovak/ Slovakia/ Slovakian Protectorate or Arch Duchy/ Grand Duchy (as Hungary itself was just a Kingdom under the Austrian Emperor itself) as a member state if the Austrian-Hungarian Empire/ the United States of Austria had been a major early part reintegrate into the Central European/ Balkan multinational state that was a member of the Axis Central Powers. As a national member state withing the A-H E or USA, Slovakia became a Hungarian Protectorate Kingdom were the Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso became Prime Minister while Archduke Robert, second son of Karl I. Became the Archduke and royal head of the new Slovakian Nation State Protectorate of the Kingdom of Hungary. The 2,6 million people living inside this Slovak Nation Province and State were nearly 85 percent Slovak in nationality, while other minorities included Germans (4,8%), Czech (2,9%, many later resettled in Czechia), Rusyns (2,6%), Hungarians (2,1%), Jews (1,1%, many of them later resettled in White Ruthenia) and Romani people (0,9%). Seventy-five percent of Slovaks were Catholics, and most of the remainder belonged to the Lutheran and Greek Catholic churches. 50% of the population were employed in agriculture. The new state province of the Arch/ Grand Duchy was divided in six counties (župy), 58 districts (okresy) and 2659 municipalities. The capital Bratislava had over 140,000 inhabitants, but the Austrian-Hungarian AEIOU Order and some other groups had their very own plans with the new Slovakian protectorate state state. Some of them hoped they could increase the German minorities to make the United States of Austria majorly German, while others like the Hungarian Nationalists that claimed the whole Slovakian Protectorate as Upper Hungary made plans to dramatically increase the Magyar Hungarian population and increase Hungarian cultural and language influence to a point were the Slovaks would truly just be upper Hungarians. Most of these plans came from the fear that otherwise the Germans (Austrian fear) or the Hungarians/ Magyars (Hungarian fear) would be in danger of disappearing if there would be no intervention. Therefore the AEIOU Order planned to settle 100,000 German and 100,000 Hungarian/ Magyar families into the region as a start for their new resettlement program and began even during the Second Great War.

One of the main driving force beside the Austrian-Hungarian AEIOU Order was the so called Hlinka Guard, that was to be partly integrated into their Order in the near future. This so called Hlinka Guard (Slovak: Hlinkova garda; German: Hlinka-Garde; abbreviated as HG) was the militia maintained by the Slovak People's Party in the period from 1938 to 1945; it was named after Andrej Hlinka. The Hlinka Guard was preceded by the Rodobrana (Home Defense/Nation's Defense) organization, which existed from 1923 to 1927, when the Czechoslovak authorities ordered its dissolution. During the crisis caused by Austria and Hungary taking over Czech and Slovakia (in the summer of 1938), the Hlinka Guard emerged spontaneously, and on October 8 of that year, a week after Austria-Hungary had made both Czech and Slovakia into it's Protectorates. The Austrian-Hungarian and the Slovak Army (increased from 18,000 to 80,000 quickly) integrated into the Hungarian Army and helped them reintegrate the Galician lands from Poland in return of Protection. During the Eastern Crusade the Slovaks would participate with 54,000 soldiers as a expeditionary force within the Austrian-Hungarian Armed Forces, were most of their forces were tasked with rear-area security duty. Still those parts of the force that remained in a offensive role saw battles in Ukrainia and the Caucasus area were they fought the Red Army and served as security divisions as well as instructors to train local ethnic volunteer groups that wished to join the Axis Central Powers in their fight against the Red Army. At the End of 1942 most of these Slovak Army forces would only remain beg´hind the frontline as a local Austrian-Hungarian Garrison force in the Caucasus, Ukrainia, as well as parts of the Balkan Peninsula were the Austrian-Hungarians had annexed Yugoslavia and forced Bulgaria, Greece and Romania to become puppet states and vassals of their too. Roughtly 46,000 Slovaks would serve as garrison forces in the Balkans during the Second Great War, most of them in former Yugoslavia.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 756: Unit 483: Part 1: A special shipment delivery from Manchuria

In Manchuria, Unit 483, a covered medical experiment unit which conducted biological warfare research and development through human experimentation during the Second Great War was located. Unit 483 was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes. Initially set up as a political and ideological section of the Kempeitai military police of pre-Pacific War Japan, they were meant to counter the ideological or political influence of Japan's enemies, and to reinforce the ideology of military units. However under their commander Shirō Ishii, (石井四郎 Ishii Shirō), chief medical officer of the Japanese Army and protégé of Army Minister Sadao Araki who had been placed in a command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (AEPRL) they started human experimentation as tests for biological and chemical weapons. During their operations in the Chinese Civil War there had been 10,000 biological causalities and about 1,700 deaths from ill-prepared Copropspist Japanese and Chinese Forces operating nearby thanks to cholera. The overall research of Unit 483 also included the rest of the bubonic plague, cholera, smallpox, botulism and other diseases on prisoners, including the research that led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread bubonic plague and other diseases. Some of these bombs were designed with porcelain shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938. These bombs enabled Japanese soldiers to launch biological attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells, and other areas with anthrax, plague-carrier fleas, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and other deadly pathogens. During biological bomb experiments, researchers dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. Infected food supplies and clothing were dropped by airplane into areas of China not occupied by Japanese forces. In addition, poisoned food and candies were given to unsuspecting victims in prison camps and resisting ares to test out the results. Additionally Plague fleas, infected clothing and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed at least 400,000 Chinese civilians behind enemy frontlines. Tularemia was also tested on Chinese civilians like imprisoned rebels and bandits as well as areas in uprising.

Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in various positions. Flamethrowers were also tested on humans by Unit 483. Humans were also tied to stakes and used as targets to test pathogen-releasing bombs, chemical weapons, and explosive bombs as well as bayonets and knives with diseases on them. Due to pressure from numerous accounts of the bio-warfare attacks, Chiang Kai-shek sent a delegation of army and foreign medical personnel in November 1941 to document evidence and treat the afflicted. A report on the Japanese use of plague-infested fleas on the Chinese United Front was made widely available the following year, but was not addressed by the Allied Powers until Franklin D. Roosevelt would issue a public warning in 1943 condemning the attacks. Until then however more evidence could be found by the massive use of biological and chemical weapons against the Red Army in the Manchurian-Far East Frontline during the initial attack of Hokushin-ron. With Red Army Forces now out of bomber range of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army planned to further use biological and chemical weapons in Siberia, while local Co-Prosperity Sphere member states like Manchuria, Mengjiang and Yankoku feared that the Soviet Union's Red Army might use biological and chemical weapons against their forces as well as their urban centers in retaliation to this Japanese attacks and strongly opposed them from 1942 and 1943 onward. The Imperial Japanese Army and Ishii meanwhile were more then positively surprised by the results so far and ordered their forces to secretly relocate some catches of diseases to be shipped by the Imperial Japanese Navy (without their knowledge) towards New Guinea (Papua/ Niugini/Niu Gini) in hopes that with them the stalemate and trench warfare there by using diseases to weaken and kill or infecting of as many Allied (mainly American, Australian and New Zealand) forces as possible, so that they would not be able to defend their positions any longer. A plan seen as brilliant by Ishii as they could claim those diseases there were a natural occurrence of tropical diseases, because of the climate and the poor supply, health and logistic situation on the island.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 757: Bolivian Battlegrounds

The nation of Bolivia was one of three Latin American countries that declared war on the Axis Central Powers in 1943 as well as the Co-Prosperity Sphere quickly thereafter, the others being Chile and Colombia. This was however more out of economic ties and influence by the United States of America, then true allegiance, as the new president held fascist royalist and anti-Semitic leanings, but the foreign pressure still remain at peace with the Allies and to suppress his more extreme pro-Namo/Faro supporters. Bolivian mines supplied needed tin to the Allies, but with no coastline, the landlocked country did not send troops or warplanes overseas. It all had begun, when on May 17, 1936 Colonel David Toro Ruilova (1936–37) overthrew President Tejada in a military coup. Because the officer corps wanted to avoid a civilian investigation of the military's wartime leadership, backing for the coup came from all ranks. The main backers were a group of younger officers who wanted to bring profound change to Bolivia. Toro, the leader of this group, hoped to reform the country from the top down. His program of "military socialism" included social and economic justice and government control over natural resources. He also planned to set up a corporate-style political system to replace the democratic system established in 1825. Toro attempted to get civilian support with far-reaching social legislation and nominated a print worker as the first labor secretary in Bolivia. He also nationalized the holdings of Standard Oil without compensation and called for the convening of a constitutional congress that would include the traditional parties, as well as new reformist groups and the labor movement. Toro however was still unable to secure a lasting popular support. A group of more radical officers resented his reluctance to challenge the rosca, and they supported a coup by Colonel Germán Busch Becerra (1937–39) in 1937. A new constitution was promulgated in 1938, stressing the primacy of the common good over private property and favored government intervention in social and economic relations. It also legalized the Indian communities and included a labor code. In 1939 Busch challenged the interests of the mine owners for the first time by issuing a decree that would prevent the mining companies from removing capital from the country. None of his policies, however, resulted in significant popular and military support, and completely alienated the conservative forces. Frustrated by his inability to bring about change, Busch committed suicide in 1939.

Despite the weakness of the Toro and Busch regimes, their policies had a profound impact on Bolivia. Reformist decrees raised expectations among the middle class, but when they failed to be implemented, they contributed to the growth of the left. The constitutional convention gave the new forces for the first time a nationwide platform and the possibility of forming alliances. The military socialist regimes also prompted the conservatives to join forces to stem the growth of the left and led to them eyeing the German Empire dominated Axis Central Powers and the Japanese Empire dominated Co-Prosperity as potentially allies and friends. After a few months under the provisional presidency of General Carlos Quintanilla (1939–40), the chief of staff during the Busch regime, General Enrique Peñaranda Castillo (1940–43) was elected president in the spring of 1940. Peñaranda's support came from the traditional parties, the Liberals, and the two wings of the Republicans, who had formed a concordancia to stem the growth of the movement toward further reforms. The trend toward reform, however, could not be halted, and a number of new groups gained control of the Congress during Peñaranda's presidency. These groups, although very different in their ideological outlooks, agreed on the need to change the status quo. They included the Trotskyite Revolutionary Workers Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario, POR), which had already been formed in 1934, as well as the Bolivian Socialist Falange (Falange Socialista Boliviana, FSB), founded in 1937 and patterned on the Spanish Falange. The Leftist Revolutionary Party (Partido de Izquierda Revolucionaria, PIR) was founded in 1940 by a coalition of radical Marxist groups. The most important opposition to the concordancia came from the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, MNR). The first party with widespread support in Bolivian history, the MNR had a membership that included intellectuals and both white-collar and blue-collar workers. It was founded in 1941 by a small group of intellectual dissidents from the middle and upper classes and represented persons from a wide range of political persuasions who were united by their discontent with the status quo. Among its leaders were Víctor Paz Estenssoro, a professor of economics; Hernán Siles Zuazo, the son of former President Siles Reyes; and several influential writers. The party's program included nationalization of all of Bolivia's natural resources and far-reaching social reforms. Its anti-Semitic statements resulted not only in the imprisonment of MNR leaders but also in charges by the United States government that MNR was under the influence of Nazis and Fascist who had fled to South America after the German Coup of 1938. As the leader of the congressional opposition, the MNR denounced Peñaranda's close cooperation with the United States and was especially critical of his agreement to compensate Standard Oil for its nationalized holdings. The MNR members of the Congress also began an investigation of the Catavi Massacre of striking miners and their families by government troops at one of the Patiño mines in Catavi in 1942. MNR influence with the miners increased when Paz Estenssoro led the congressional interrogation of government ministers. The MNR had contacts with reformist military officers, who were organized in a secret military lodge named the Fatherland's Cause (Razón de Patria, Radepa). Radepa was founded in 1934 by Bolivian prisoners of war in Paraguay. It sought mass support, backed military intervention in politics, and hoped to prevent excessive foreign control over Bolivia's natural resources. Finally in December 1943 the Radepa-MNR alliance overthrew the Peñaranda regime.

Major Gualberto Villarroel López became president, and three MNR members, including Paz Estenssoro, joined his cabinet. The MNR ministers resigned, however, when the United States refused to grant its recognition, repeating its charge of ties between the MNR and Nazi Germany. This American intervention into Bolivia incredibly soured American-Bolivian relations and let to growing ties to the Axis Central Powers and the Co-Prosperity Sphere instead of the Allies. The MNR ministers returned to their posts in 1944, after their party (partly thanks to the American intervention before in 1943) party had won a majority in the election and the United States had to finally recognized the government. Villarroel's government emphasized continuity with the reformist regimes of Toro and Busch. Paz Estenssoro, who served as minister of finance, hoped to get popular support with a budget that emphasized social spending over economic development. But the salary increase for miners did not bring about their consistent backing of the government and only managed to strengthen the ties between the MNR and miners. The Villarroel government also tried for the first time to get the support of the campesinos. In 1944 it created the National Indigenous Congress to discuss the problems in the countryside and to improve the situation of the peasants. However, most of the social legislation, such as the abolition of the labor obligation of the campesinos to their landlords, was never put in effect.
Villarroel was overthrown in 1945, after he had been unable to organize popular support and faced opposition from conservative groups and increasing political terrorism that included murders of the government's opponents. Rivalry between the MNR and the military in the governing coalition also contributed to his downfall. In 1944 mobs of students, teachers, and workers seized arms from the arsenal and moved to the presidential palace. They captured and shot Villarroel and suspended his body from a lamppost in the main square, while the army remained aloof in the barracks.

Quickly afterwards, the new elections were won by a coalition of the Bolivian Socialist Falange (Falange Socialista Boliviana or FSB, later Falange Socialista Royalista Boliviana or FSRB) and the Nationalist Royalist Action (in Spanish: Acción Realista Nacionalista) that lead to the Presidency of Óscar Únzaga de la Vega (born 19 April 1916) carried by a strong following among former landowners by offering a platform strongly influenced by Franco and Benito Mussolini and had been massively supported by the German Empire, the Axis Central Powers, Namo and Faro supporters. He would make himself King of a new Bolician Kingdom in 1951, heavily influenced by Namo and Faro Ideology, but would be toppled by a coup in 1954 when the Bolivian Coprospist Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Coprospista Boliviano) and other opposition parties (like the Sapa Inti Party) that would lead to the General-Presidency of the Japanese-Bolivian “Caudillo” Yamataka Kunimichi, a Sansei, or third generation Japanese, who had least one Nisei second generation Japanese parent, who would increas the economic and military ties to the Japanese Empire and the Co-Prosperity Sphere. Under Yamataka Coprospist Bolivia or the Bolivian Kingdom would ultimately become a member state of the Co-Prosperity Sphere itself and he would be made viscount shishaku (shi) (Japanese: 子爵) for his increase of Coprospist influence in South America (Minami Amerika), by then better known as the Southeast Continent (Japanese: Nantō Tairiku 南東大陸), while North Amerika (Kita Amerika) was by then also known as Eastern Continent (Japanese: Tōtairiku 東大陸).

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 758: Coprospist ideals and visions

The 1942 Tokyo Conference, also known as the Co-Prosperity Sphere Conference had leaders from all member states and even some observers and sympathizers of regions yet still under American and European Colonialism and Imperial rule. Many of them did not come alone, but brought with them a wide range of intellectuals, historians, novelists and journalists to openly report of the decisions decided upon in this conference regarding the Asian War and the Pacific War, as well as the overall future plans for these regions. The Chosen intellectuals included the historian Choe Nam-seon, the novelist Yi Kwang-su and the children's writer Ma Haesong attended the conference as part of the Imperian Chosen delegation to deliver speeches praising the Japanese Empire and to express their thanks to the Japanese for colonizing, modernizing and liberating Chosen as a proud and prosperous member of the Co-Prosperity Sphere. The purpose of these speeches was to reassure other Asian peoples about their future in a Japanese-dominated Co-prosperity Sphere. The fact that Choe and Yi had once been Korean independence activists who had been bitterly opposed to the Japanese rule before they had changed their minds made their presence at the conference a real propaganda coup for the Japanese, as it seemed to show that Japanese imperialism was so beneficial to the peoples subjected to Japan or part of the Co-Prosperity Sphere that even those who once been opposed to the Japanese Empire had now seen the errors of their ways and benefit from Japanese rule, guidance and leadership. In addition, the Chosen speakers strongly condemned the "Anglo-Saxon" powers of the Allies Britain and the United States as well as the Comintern Communists of the Soviet Union and the Mongolean People's Republic as the most deadly enemies of Asian civilization that had ever existed, and praised Japan as the defender of Asia from the "Anglo-Saxons" and the "Bolsheviks".

The major theme of the conference was for the need for all the Asian peoples to rally behind Japan's Empire and offer an inspiring example of Pan-Asian idealism against the evil "white devils". Nearly all delegates and speakers placed the war in the East-versus-the West, Oriental-versus-the Occidental, and ultimately a blood-versus-blood context. Ba Maw of Burma stated: "My Asian blood has always called out to other Asians...This is not the time to think with other minds, this is the time to think with our blood, and this thinking has brought me from Burma to Japan." Ba Maw later remembered: "We were Asians rediscovering Asia". Prime Minister Tōjō of Japan stated in his speech: "It is an incontrovertible fact that the nations of the Co-Prosperity Sphere are bound in every respect by ties of an inseparable relationship". Jose Laurel of the Philippines in his speech claimed that no-one in the world could "stop or delay the acquisition of one billion Asians of the free and untrammeled right and opportunity to shape their own destiny". Subhas Chandra Bose of India declared: "If our Allies were to go down, there will be no hope for India to be free for at least 100 years". A major irony of the conference was that despite all of the vehement talk condemning the "Anglo-Saxons", English was the language of the conference as it was the only common language of the various delegates from all over Asia, as not all of them spoke Japanese fluently just yet. Bose recalled that the atmosphere at the conference was like a "family gathering" as everybody was Asian, and he felt like they belonged together. Many Indians supported Japan, and throughout the conference Indian university students studying in Japan worshipped Bose like an idol. The Filipino ambassador, representing the puppet Laurel government stated "the time has come for the Filipinos to disregard Anglo-Saxon civilization and its enervating influence and to recapture their charm and original virtues as an Oriental people."

To make peace with China without surrendering any of the Japanese "rights and interests" in China, it was believed in Tokyo that a major demonstration of Pan-Asianism and Coprospism would lead the Chinese United Front to make peace with Japan, join Wang Jingwei's Coprospist government and the Co-Prosperity Sphere alongside the Japanese against their common enemies, the "white devils". Thus, a major theme of the conference was by being allied to the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, Chiang Kai-shek was not a proper Asian but a Hanjiang, a race-traitor, as no Asian would ally himself with the "white devils" against other Asians. The Tokyo Conference was therefore also used as a major piece of Pan-Asian Coprospist Propaganda as well to show the benefit of being a part of the Co-Prosperity Sphere and the Coprospist Ideology and to ignore the atrocities done by the Imperial Japanese and other Co-Prosperity Sphere Armies and Navies during their Conquest of Liberation in Asia and the Pacific. Therefore their slogan "Asia for Asians" was reasoning and welcomed by many who had no love for the Americans, the British, the Dutch, the French and the Russians who had ruled over them previously. The Pan-Asian spirit of this Tokyo Conference/ Co-Prosperity Sphere Conference of similar conferences following each year from now on to discuss and plan the future paths taken by the Co-Prosperity Sphere, were Asian people came together to seize power from their American and European tormentors. Therefore it was praised by most Coprospists as a show how deep the roots of anti-Westernism, anti-Capitalism, anti-Imperialism, anti-Americanism and anti-Europeanism had grown in Asia, as these "white powers" guided by their own racism had behaved so brutally towards Asians that it was natural for Asians to look to Japan as a liberator from these "white powers" and as a benevolence and caring father figure to guide them into a prosperous future.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 759: El Salvadorian Uprisings

King Maximilio I. Hernández Martinez

The nation of El Salvador was ruled by the military dictator named Maximilio Hernández Martinez, a admirer of Hitler, Mussolini and other rulers like the Kings and Emperors in Europe since 1931. When he had served as President Arturo Araujo's vice-president and defense minister, a directorate seized power during a palace coup and afterwards named General Hernández Martínez President of El Salvador. But espite his personal admiration, Maximilio Hernández Martinez declared war on both, the Japanese Empire led Co-Prosperity Sphere and the German Empire led Axis Central Powers shortly after the Americans did because of El Salvador's strong economic ties with the United States. He removed Germans from the government and interned Japanese, Chinese German, Italian and other Asian and European nationals possibly affiliated with the factions the Allies fought against. This decision, driven by economic ties and dependency on the Americans, as well as their economic, diplomatic and partly military pressure was nothing that the military dictator Martinez wished himself, but his hands were tied behind his back in the matter, as he had no chance of allying himself with the Axis Central Powers or even the Co-Prosperity Sphere without being quickly beaten by the Americans shortly after. This failure of a decision would quickly catch up and haunt him, when during the Second Great War many Salvadorans became weary of their dictatorship, and a general national strike in 1944 forced Maximilio Hernández Martinez to resign and flee to Guatemala. Instead of him Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (born December 25, 1889) would become President of El Salvador, from 21 October 1944 to 1 March 1945. A Colonel in the Salvadoran Army, Aguirre led two successful coups against the Salvadoran government: once in 1931 (installing General Maximilio Hernández Martinez in power) and again in 1944 (installing himself in power). He left the power in 1945, with the assurance that his successor in the next election would be Salvador Castaneda Castro. He was later assassinated near his home in San Salvador at the age of 87.

During the Second Great War, a Salvadoran army colonel and diplomat, named José Castellanos Conteras, while working as El Salvador's Consul General saved around 20,000 Central European refugees who had fled the war on their continent as well as from Axis Central Power rule by providing them with false papers of Salvadoran nationality. However inside these refugee group were also some Axis Central Powers spies, saboteurs, agents and military advisers, that would seek out their opportunity to gain control of the Central American Nation after Aguirre had installed Castro as the next President. With contact made to the exiled Maximilio Hernández Martinez in Guatemala, the Axis Central Powers supported a coup to bring him back to power in 1946. Hernández afterwards declared that the Presidency had proven to be to week to stabilize Guatemala, so he declared himself the Caudillo, uniting the positions of President and Head of the Military in himself, declaring himself to be the new King of a Salvadorian Kingdom (also known as the Kingdom of Salvador), Maximilio the First. Under him the Salvadorians would increase their close ties to the Axis Central Powers in Europe as well as the Southern United States (Dixieland or the Confederacy). However his rule would last only about twenty years and would be tainted by peasant uprisings, a few minor groups with socialist and communist ideals, as well as a massive Japanese Empire supported Coprospist insurgency in Central America (known as the Coprostas) by the Coprospist Party of Salvador (Spanish: Partido Coprospista de El Salvador) and other ideological close allied rebel groups like the National Resistance (Spanish: Resistancia Nacional), the Coprospist Revolutionary Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario de Coprospista), the Liberation People's Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Populares de Liberacion) and the Coprospist Party of Central Americans – El Salvador branch (Spanish: Partido Coprospista de los Centroamericanos – El Salvador). They would seize power from King Maximilio I. in 1966 and in tradition to the Federal Republic of Central America (Spanish: República Federal de Centroamérica), also called the United Provinces of Central America (Provincias Unidas del Centro de América) would try to recreate a central American puppet and vassal of the Japanese Empire and the Co-Prosperity Sphere.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 760: The Panama Canal Flooding

The Allies used the so called Allied China Fleet, also known as the Allied Chinese Fleet during the Second Great War, 28 vessels of the Hong Kong-based China Navigation Company, requisitioned by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. Many of them joined the Allied retreat to Australia, six were acquired by the Royal Australian Navy; four of these were commissioned as auxiliary warships, while two served as Victualing Supply Issuing Ships. Knowing about this thanks to one of their spies the Japanese ordered Captain Izuhara Toshikuni alongside a mostly National Chinese and Taikokuoese (Cantonese) to a special Kempeitai mission to Central America. Captain Toshikuni himself had served in his fathers company in Manchuria and spoke fluently the Han Chinese language of Mandarin, therefore he had been chosen for this mission despite his low experience. The goal was to pass the whole crew and the ship as part of the Allied China Fleet, make it trough three locks towards the central Gatun Lake and blow up the Gatun Locks with a transport ship full of explosives. If done right the height level of elevation between the lake and the Atlantic Ocean should lead to a flooding that would destroy much of the rest of the locks towards the Atlantic Ocean as well. The plan had been supported by Admiral Yamamoto after new numerical American ship sightings had led to the believe that the damage done to the Panama Canal Locks by the Japanese Midget Submarine at the start of the Pacific War, had already been repaired by the Americans. This time however, the damage done would be able to be not easily repaired, as Isoroku had planned to not only blow up the locks directly at the lake, but flood and destroy the other ones towards the Atlantic Ocean as well. This way the Japanese Navy could ensure that the Americans had to continue using the longer route around South America if they wished to transfer ships to fight them from the Atlantic to the Pacific, something that would also prolong some of their supply and reinforcement lines in other regards as well and thereby be a good opportunity for Japan to increase and further fortify it's outer defense ring.

Knowing how important his mission was, Captain Izuhara Toshikuni had made sure that no other member of his crew knew about what their true plan and intention was in chase some of his Chinese crewmen were hidden Allied spies of the Chinese United Front. Until now he has had quit some luck as the local military and inspections did not suspect anything, now however he was like a sitting duck in the Gatun Lock as some of the local supervisor seamed to have found them and their ship suspicious. To not waste any time he had activated the timer to blow up the ship when suddenly Toshikuni saw American military police and soldiers walk towards his ship. Had they realized their plans? No impossible, but the moment they would get onto the ship and see the now installed timer at the ammunition payload they would know what was going on. Rushing down from the bridge as fast as he could reach the end of the stairs, then running down the corridor until he had reached the main cargo bay, Izuhara headed towards the timer, when he heard the Allied soldiers shout outside. It was to late he realized, the only thing that could still allow for their mission to succeed was the noble sacrifice of himself and his crew for the glory of the Emperor, the Japanese Empire and the Co-Prosperity Sphere that would liberate all Asians. Readjusting the timer, Captain Izuhara Toshikuni blew up with the ship alongside the crew, the Allied personal at the locks and the Allied military aboard and surrounding the ship. The massive ammunition explosion caused around 1,745 people nearby to die immediately, while a further 6,793 were injured in some way or another. The flooding beginning after the locks had blown up would cause further 18,023 people to die who could not be evacuated in time. Another 36,385 people would later die because of yellow fever and malaria as mosquito had a field day in the flooded, destructed jungles along the canal remnants afterwards. This made the so called Second Attack on the Panama Canal, the Panama Canal Explosion, Panama Canal Bombing or Panama Canal Flooding the deadliest attack on the Allies in the Americas during the Second Great War.

 

[CountofDooku]

Chapter 761: Yankoku Yanism, Yan Xishan Thought or Shangdism

Inside the Co-Prosperity Sphere member state and nation of Yankoku, their beloved leader, father Yan Xishan had started to persecute and suppress many local religious minority groups, like the Mohammedans, the Christians (mainly Catholics and Protestant groups), as well as other local sects and cults like Yiguandao, who in one way or another opposed his Coprospist State Ideology and Religion, known as Yan Xishan Thought, also known as Yanism and Shangdism. This identity and formulated ideology was concearned mostly with the so called Yan people, those living in Yankoku. The core of this ideology had formed during his studies in Japan, when he became attracted to militarism, traditionalism and social Darwinist ideals that would later also form the core of Coprospism. Yan also identified with Chinese conservative ideas of the time: that social and economic reform would progress from ethical reform, and that the problems confronting China could only be solved by the moral rehabilitation of the Chinese people. Believing that no single ideology existed to unify the Chinese people at the time that he came to power, Yan attempted to generate an ideal ideology himself, and once boasted that he had succeeded in creating a comprehensive system of belief that embodied the best features of "militarism, nationalism, anarchism, democracy, capitalism, communism, individualism, imperialism, universalism, paternalism and utopianism". Much of Yan's attempts to spread his ideology were through a network of semi-religious organizations known as "Heart-Washing Societies". Yan was emotionally attached to Confucianism by virtue of his upbringing, and because he identified its values as a historically effective solution to the chaos and disorder of his time. He justified his rule via Confucian political theories and attempted to revive Confucian virtues as being universally accepted. In his speeches and writing Yan developed an extravagant admiration for the virtues of moderation and harmony associated with the Confucian Doctrine of the Mean. Many of the reforms that Yan attempted were undertaken with the intention of demonstrating that he was a junzi, the epitome of Confucian virtue.

Yan's interpretations of Confucianism were mostly borrowed from the form of Neo-Confucianism that was popular in the Qing dynasty. He taught that everyone had a capacity for innate goodness, but that in order to fulfill this capacity people had to subordinate their emotions and desires to the control of their conscience. Yan admired the Ming dynasty philosophers Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming, who disparaged knowledge and urged men to act on the basis of their intuition. Because Yan believed that human beings could only achieve their potentials through intense self-criticism and self-cultivation, he established in every town a Heart-Washing Society, whose members gathered each Sunday to meditate and listen to sermons based on the themes of the Confucian classics. Everyone at these meetings was supposed to rise and confess aloud his misdeeds of the past week, inviting criticism from the other members. Unlake many other Coprospists, Yan attributed much of the West's vitality to Christianity, and believed that China could only resist and overtake the West by generating an ideological tradition that was equally inspiring. He appreciated the efforts of missionaries (mostly Americans who maintained a complex of schools in Taigu) to educate and modernize Yankoku and while he banned them, his own missionary, priests and monks would attempt to do the very same and to establish new schools and teaching places. He regularly addressed the graduating classes of these new schools, but was generally successful in recruiting these students to serve his regime. Yan supported the indigenous shamanism traditions and church in Yankoku, and even seriously considered using them as religious people even inside of his army. His former public support of Christianity had waned early after 1925, when he failed to come to the defense of Christians during anti-foreigner and anti-Christian demonstrations that polarized Taiyuan. Yan deliberately organized many features of his Heart-Washing Society on the Christian church, including ending each service with hymns praising Confucius and himself. He urged his subjects to place their faith in a supreme being that he called "Shangdi": he justified his belief in Shangdi via the Confucian classics, but described Shangdi in terms very similar to the Christian interpretation of God. Like Christianity, Yan Xishan Thought was permeated with the belief that, through accepting his ideology, people could become regenerated or reborn. Yan also presented himself as the Prophet and leading High Priest of Shangdi at the same time.

In 1911, Yan came to power in Shanxi as a disciple of Chinese nationalism, but subsequently came to view nationalism as merely another set of ideas that could be used to achieve his own objectives. He stated that the primary goal of the Heart-Washing Society was to encourage Chinese patriotism by reviving the Confucian church, leading foreigners to accuse him of attempting to create a Chinese version of Shinto, something he would truly archive with Japanese help and his own ideology later on. Yan attempted to moderate some aspects of Sun Yat-sen's ideology that he viewed as potentially threatening to his rule. Yan altered some of Sun's doctrines before disseminating them in Shanxi, formulating his own version of Sun's Three Principles of the People that replaced the principles of nationalism and democracy with the principles of virtue and knowledge. During the 1919 May Fourth Movement, when students in Taiyuan staged anti-foreign demonstrations, Yan warned that patriotism, like rainfall, was beneficial only when moderate. After the Kuomintang succeeded in forming a nominal central government in 1930, Yan encouraged Nationalist principles that he viewed as socially beneficial. During the 1930s he attempted to set up in every village a "Good People's Movement" in order to promote the values of Chiang Kai-shek's New Life Movement. These values included honesty, friendliness, dignity, diligence, modesty, thrift, personal neatness and obedience. In 1931 Yan returned from his exile in Dalian impressed with the apparent successes of Soviet Union's first five-year plan, and attempted to reorganize the economy of Shanxi using Soviet methods, according to a local "Ten-Year Plan" that Yan himself developed. Throughout the 1930s Yan bluntly equated economic development with state control of industry and finance, and he was successful in bringing most major industry and commerce under state control by the late 1930s, when he had taken control of nearly all of the Chinese north. Yan's speeches after 1931 reflect an interpretation of Marxist economics (mostly drawn from Das Kapital) that he gained while in exile in Dalian. Following this interpretation, Yan attempted to change the economy of Yankoku to become more like that of the USSR in terms of modernizing and plannin, inspiring a scheme of economic "distribution according to labour". When the threat of Chinese Communists became a significant threat to Yan's rule, he defended the Communists as courageous and self-sacrificing fanatics who were different from common bandits (contrary to Kuomintang propaganda) and whose challenge must be met by social and economic reforms that alleviated the conditions responsible for communism.

He therefore became more open to the Japanese ideology of Coprospism and formed his ideology (and religion) into something more similar to that of his new Japanese allies and friends. Like Marx, Yan wanted to eliminate what he saw as unearned profit by restructuring Shanxi's economy to reward only those who worked. Unlike Marx, Yan reinterpreted Communism to correct what he believed was Marxism's chief flaw: the inevitability of class warfare. Yan praised Marx for his analysis of the material aspects of human society, but professed to believe that there was a moral and spiritual unity of mankind that implied that a state of harmony was closer to the human ideal than conflict. By rejecting economic determinism in favor of morality and free will, Yan hoped to create a society that would be more productive and less violent than he perceived communism to be, while avoiding the exploitation and human misery that he believed was the inevitable result of capitalism and western society influences (including colonialism and imperialism). Yan interpreted Roosevelt's New Deal as promoting socialism in order to combat the spread of communism. "The New Deal is an effective way of stopping communism," Yan said, "by having the government step in and ride roughshod over the interests of the rich." Yan then undertook a series of public works projects inspired by the New Deal in order to reduce unemployment in his own provinces. Thanks to the results of this efforts, Yan did succeed in making Yan Xishan Thought widely popular in Yankoku, and most of his subjects started to believe that his true objectives differed substantially from those of past regimes. Many even became interested in his religious part of the ideology, Yanism and Shangdism and converted. The repression of other religion and sects while using many of their own methods and hierarchies while at the same time oppressing them as rivals to his own ideology and religion. Yan kept a close eye on his officials to ensure they would not abuse their power and manage to bring his ideology to the common people. Therefore Yan had to use more simple language for his propaganda and spread of the ideology to the common people. He also harshly punished those governors and military leaders that behaved to dictatorial and authoritarian and therefore discredited Yan's ideology, this way Yan managed to generate popular enthusiasm for his regime, political ideology and religion.