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I am referring to the caliphate of the middle ages and north Africa and not to current attempts by Islamist extremists such as ISIL to form a caliphate which bears no resemblance to the Abbasid, Umayyad and Fatimid caliphates which were relatively open and inclusive not by present day standards but by medieval standards in that there were special taxes and restrictions on non moslems however that is rather more enlightened than burning people at the stake. Science and learning flourished in particular Astronomy, Mathematics and Chemistry and a lot of Greek and Persian literature owes its survival to the Arab world. Supposing the caliphates or the Ottoman empire had expanded in Southern Europe and remained? Galileo and Copernicus would have been accepted earlier and possibly inventions such as steamships however there may have been a resistance to the discoveries of the early geologists regarding the age of the earth and Darwinism. Had the caliphates continued expanding into much of Europe would scientific progress have been more rapid and no 30 years war.