Tripolitania (Arabic: طرابلس), officially the
Republic of Tripolitania, is a country in Northern Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya to the east, Tunisia and Algeria to the west, and Chad and Niger to the south. The country is made up of two main regions; Tripolitania Proper in the north and The Fezzan in the south. With a land area of 667,223 square kilometres, it is the 16th largest country in Africa, and 41st in the world. Tripolitania has a population of just under 2.5 million, roughly half of the 5.3 million living within Libya, the country's former administrative authority. Tripoli, Tripolitania's capital and largest city, is home to 900 thousand Tripolitanians, accounting for nearly a third of the entire country's population. Tripolitania is also home to several large oil reserves, including the Al Hamada-Jabal field range, which is responsible for the production of 57 percent of all of the country's oil.
Tripolitania was established as an independent entity in 1981 after a five year civil war in which Tripolitanian Catholics and the descendants of original Italian settlers, along with Tripolitanian and Fezzan separatists and republicans, battled against the Shi'ite Muslim government of the Libyan Arab Republic. This split was associated with the coup that had been carried out by Muammar Gaddafi seven years prior, which resulted in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Libya and its king, Idris I. On 14 August, 1981, the United Nations intervened in the war, and negotiated a peace between Libya and Tripolitania-Fezzan. The northern portion of the border between the two was administered as a highly-militarized UN mandate until late 1990, and Tripolitania adopted its current name in 1991, removing "Fezzan." Tripolitania was administered as a pseudo-Catholic dictatorship, led by the young general Gianfranco Fini, an Italian-Tripolitanian who tied the country very closely to Italy, its former colonial master. However, after the 1994 Italian elections, which ended with a near total collapse of neo-fascist influence in Italy, the two countries cut ties. Fini continued to crack down on expression of dissent and any possible proliferation of civil liberties for the remainder of his rule until being shot dead by an Arab nationalist in 2000.
With Fini's death, there was a struggle for influence within the Tripolitanian National Social League (LNST). The party's leadership office was left without a clear successor, and two camps, one supporting hardliner Ignazio La Russa and the other backing the relatively more moderate 'Umran Burweiss, battled for the post. La Russa eventually won out, becoming president of Tripolitania in September of 2000. However, many who had supported Burweiss, with the hopes that he would lead the country through a process of gradual democratization like that undergone by Venezuela in the 1970's, became agitated, leaving the party or actively attempting to undermine La Russa's government from within. In response to these efforts, La Russa purged numerous anti-government spies from his cabinet and the national legislature, killing or imprisoning over 50 government ministers and secretaries.
By 2012, Tripolitania had become a total police state. Several attempts at peaceful protest, between July and December of 2012 and January to March of 2013, were met with government violence, resulting in the deaths of 1,250 Tripolitanians. Despite this, protests only became more common, often escalating to full-scale riots in cities and large towns. The bombing of government facilities was a staple tactic of resistance groups during this period, with one resulting in the death of president La Russo on 28 June, 2014. The following month, LNST rule ended with few casualties in relation to government-ordered killings in 2012 and 2013. Since then, Tripolitania has had one of the most successful transitions to democracy of any African country, and is classified as a flawed democracy by the International Democracy index, with the second highest democracy rating on the continent after Tunisia.
The country does still experience instances of terrorism and LNST-inspired attacks, although the movements associated with this violence are generally accepted as radical and fringe. The anti-La Russa revolution is now viewed as a time of "necessary violence" by most Tripolitanians.