If by some miracle the French made even more mistakes and the Germans less during the Moltke plan, the French would suffer losses in border areas especially including Briey and the rest of Lorraine, but also the front slopes of the Vosges. Luxembourg would have been annexed and Belgium would likely have lost small border areas and the right to build forts against Germany. France will also likely lose some colonies, but not all that many, but their major loss will be in status, as they will no longer be considered a great power after losing the war in a month. This all would require losing at least 25% of the field army during the first month or so of the war, with the Germans staying intact in the process.
The Russians would hold out for a time, but with the French suing for peace, don't expect the Russians to stay in long. Also expect the French loans to be defaulted on. The Russians will lose Poland for sure. Also, the Brits are going to have to swallow a very bitter pill to accept Germany winning so quickly; the Brits will either have lost the BEF or have them flee the continent for this even to be an option. AH is not going to gain or want anything other than to be thankful for having a short victorious and a crushed Serbia. Their power would be confirmed...sort of. Their armies will have been lost in Galicia, but the monarchy will have been on the winning side. The faith in the Habsburgs will have been fataly undermined, so expect to see a split in the Dual Monarchy in 1917.
Basically, Germany is now king on the continent, France has been humilated and probably forced to pay another indemnity, this time larger than in 1871 to ensure the French aren't able to afford it as easily. Also, expect the 3rd republic to fall apart and civil unrest led by the Socialists. Britain is now Germany's confirmed enemy, having never experienced this kind of humiliation (at least for several hundred years). Expect Germany to lose her colonies and probably her gains from France thanks to a dominant (on the ocean) Britain, who will maintain the blockade and sea war until Germany cuts a deal. Ultimately it won't be that harsh for either party, but it will be a trade: Germany loses the Eastern colonies, except perhaps for Tsingtao, while also losing land in East and South West Africa. In trade the Germans pick up French colonies, probabaly in the gold coast near Togoland and pick up some of the Congo from both Belgium and France.
Overall, Germany is confirmed as the continental power and the neutrals turn toward her as top dog and trading partner. Expect a version of Mittel Europa to evolve out of this power. In Germany, the socialists push for more liberalization of the governmet, but the conservatives and monarchy are confirmed in their authority to a degree. Trouble will ensue down the road.