Not that great, except maybe Triton.According to Wikipedia, six Tambor-class subs were in the central Pacific on the day. How likely is one stumbling across Kidō Butai and what is the chance of sinking a few ships? Would they sink a ship before a formal declaration of war from the US Government?
The subs displaced 1500t, had a top speed of 20kt and a submerged speed of 8.5kt, 6 forward torpedo tubes and 24 torpedos.
Tambor was probably the second best chance. She was assigned to patrol off Wake, but she suffered an engineering casualty and had to leave the region on one engine.
Tautog had been on a long patrol (45 days) off Midway, along with Thresher, returning to Pearl on the 12/5/41. Even if she'd still been at sea she was way out of position
Thresher (see above) actually returned to Pearl just in time for the attack.
Triton could have been the big winner. She was off Wake when the war started, and was still in the area when CarDiv 2 arrived to support the second landing attempt. Unfortunately no one managed to gt a contact report to Triton, so she had no idea that Soryu and Hiryu were there.
Trout was on patrol off Midway. About the best it could have managed was to pick off one of the Bombardment group that shelled the atoll on December 7th.
Tuna was at Mare Island undergoing repairs to problems found on her shakedown cruise.