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Under the Madrid Protocol of 1885, Spain would relinquish its claims on the continent of Borneo which was North Borneo or which is now Sabah.
What if Spain refuses to sign the Madrid Protocol? Could Spain acquire Sabah peacefully? If so, what happens to the Sultanate of Sulu? Also, the Sultanate reached its largest peak in 1822 and had the coastal parts of Northern Kalimantan? Could Spain pursue claim on Northern Kalimantan?
How much influence could Spain exert onto Borneo if it gains Sabah? Could it perhaps influence other places in the D.E.I such as Sulawesi (Celebes) or the Malukus?
If the North Borneo dispute continues and when the United States takes over the Philippines, would the US be able to pursue Sabah for the Philippines?