Some Insights from reading "The Political Economy of American Industiralization"

So for a bit of light reading, I picked up a book about America's industrial expansion, and it gave some interesting food for thought for any civil war scenarios.

  • After the Civil War, income disparity between the North and the South mushroomed. In 1840, Per capita income in the South, slaves included, was close to parity with the Northern states. But as industrialization picked up, the difference became very stark. By 1880, people in the plains and west, as well as the northeast and miwest, were about twice as rich in people in the south. Why was this the case? Some was because of devastation by the civil war, but cotton production had recovered fairly quickly postwar. More was probably tied to systemic structutral problems.

  • With the exception of central and west Texas, and some parts of Florida, much of the South showed no patent production in the late 19th century. Connecticut had 9.76 patents issued in 1892 per 10,000 people; Virginia had... .89. (This is indicative of education, and whether an economy rewards innovation).

  • The highest rates of illiteracy in the nation were of course in the south. 37% of Louisiana's males were illiterate, while Virginia, the lowest Southern state, had an illiteracy rate of 25.3% of its males illiterate. Contrast this with the northeast, where almost five out of every six nonwhites could read and white. Note that OTL saw increasing rates of literacy among young blacks, which I am not sure you'll see in the Confederacy.

  • Concerns about a lack of British capital , which often come up, are probably overstated. The overall level of foreign investment (all foreign nations was miniscule up until the 1890s. Even in railroads, the heaviest sector for European investment, three quarters of call capital still came from Americans. Overall, foreign capital was probably less than 5% of the addition to America's capital stock between 1799 and 1900.

  • The South, though... was probably better integrated into the national capital market before the Civil War, than afterwards. Part of this was due to the higher capitalization of plantations than the postwar farms, and partly it was because the Confederate banking sector collapsed with defeat. So this probably would have changed for the better. But then again, southern states repeatedly repudiated their debt during the period, which hindered foreign and northern capital flows. Contrast this with the federal government sweating bullets to get back on the gold standard.


    On the third hand, a lot of southern debt in the period was due to reconstruction era governments. So perhaps that would not be an issue. Overall, the southern banking system would be significantly stronger than it was postwar in OTL. This will certainly help promote investment, so I could see Birmingham and Louisville being far vastly more industrialized than OTL.

  • America's own domestic capital markets "were probably the most sophiscated in the world, after Britain's." The national banks were shifting significant capital westward, but there was very little of it flowing to the south,save for reigonal exceptions like Birmingham. This won't change for the northern states either.

Interesting? Comments? There are some comments I might make on postwar southern and northern politics, if people have an interest.
 
[*]After the Civil War, income disparity between the North and the South mushroomed. In 1840, Per capita income in the South, slaves included, was close to parity with the Northern states. But as industrialization picked up, the difference became very stark. By 1880, people in the plains and west, as well as the northeast and miwest, were about twice as rich in people in the south. Why was this the case? Some was because of devastation by the civil war, but cotton production had recovered fairly quickly postwar. More was probably tied to systemic structutral problems.

How much of that do the authors ascribe to the collapse in cotton prices after the ACW? From memory, cotton prices didn't really to recover until 1880, maybe later. When cotton is such a significant part of the economy, that's going to make a difference.

[*] With the exception of central and west Texas, and some parts of Florida, much of the South showed no patent production in the late 19th century. Connecticut had 9.76 patents issued in 1892 per 10,000 people; Virginia had... .89. (This is indicative of education, and whether an economy rewards innovation).

Good evidence for what was probably the South's biggest problem (lack of education and invention).

On the third hand, a lot of southern debt in the period was due to reconstruction era governments. So perhaps that would not be an issue. Overall, the southern banking system would be significantly stronger than it was postwar in OTL. This will certainly help promote investment, so I could see Birmingham and Louisville being far vastly more industrialized than OTL.

Birmingham would already have other benefits simply by being in another country to Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh-plus pricing was not the only problem for steel production in Birmingham, but it certainly didn't help. So would whatever tariffs the South does create. (Southern tariffs might not be very high, but since they were the main source of federal government revenue, I don't think they'll be zero either).

Combine those effects with a better banking system... it would be interesting to see how Birmingham and other potential industrial centres would perform.

Of course, that also leads to the question of how much territory the South controls, since most of the other areas with resources that would aid industrialisation are in places like Kentucky or West Virginia, especially coal.
 
How much of that do the authors ascribe to the collapse in cotton prices after the ACW? From memory, cotton prices didn't really to recover until 1880, maybe later. When cotton is such a significant part of the economy, that's going to make a difference.

Hrmm. You know, they actually didn't mention the cotton crash at all.
 
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