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All right; I know this one has been posed before, :) However, the threads I've found on the subject tend to drift into treating the question as a religious posit.

Being an agnostic, and considering, personally, Abrahamic mythology as being no more or less likely than any other, I pose the question purely as one of sociology and identity (the reason I've posted it here, and not in the ASB forum).

Assuming no biblical Ishmale (i.e., the biblical story of Abraham tells only of Isaac), what are the effects on the development of Arabic racial and cultural identity? Is Islam altered to become something unrecognisable, or butterflied as a result of cultural divergence? Assuming a recognisable Islam, is there a fundamental difference in its relationship towards the Jewish people as a race, and Jews in general? Is something apparently so insignificant likely to cause such massive butterflies as to make the modern world (or at least, the Middle-East and its political and cultural landscape) vastly different from OTL?
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