Social implications on Britain with a botched Sealion

I know the topic of Sealion is loathsome in alternate history circles, but being British myself I'm quite fascinated (and horrified) by it. If you look closely, very closely, its legacy can be seen across Southern England with various crumbling defence structures hidden in undergrowth awaiting to live a purpose that thankfully never happened. Indeed on my local rail line to Central London, there are two annoymous huts before the bridge that carries the line over the River Thames, that apprently have small slits in their walls which were to house machine gun emplacments- defending the bridge into Central London from invasion.

Now we all know Sealion didn't happen because it would have been near impossible for the Nazis to pull off, but lets say that it did happen in 1940, they managed to encircle London, but the Royal Navy cuts off their supply lines and in a war of attrition, the command and control struture for the invading Nazi army quickly collapses and 10s of thousands of Nazi troops are stranded in Great Britain. Say the political implications in Berlin are so severe that they've lost a sizeable chunk of Germany's armed forces that it leads to grave political instability for the Nazis. What happens then to Britain? Does it still fall into the long "post war sleep" it did in our timeline? Putting its feet up and turning to Atlee and socialism? Does British patriotism see a renaissance? Or is Southern England so damaged from the fight that Britain simply never recovers? Again, I'm not asking if Sealion would work, just asking the social-politcal implications in the UK if it happened and failed miserably.

My theory is as follows,

Without so much of its troops, the Eastern front plays into the Soviet's favour. Perhaps Stalin sees the chance of exploiting Hitler's weakness and attemps to march on Berlin.

With so many Nazi troops lost in Britain, many probably just disband from the army and try to settle in the UK. Perhaps Britain has a higher ethnic German population than today from Nazi officers abandoning their posts once the food and ammo runs out in the invasion.

I would say Britain becomes more bullish as a nation; the war did not drag on for years in our timeline, and the nation would view itself as what lead to the sudden destruction of the Nazi empire. Churchill would make a speech stating "It was the might and resolve of Great Britain that defeated the Mr. Hitler, not the tank and machine gun." If America still, even during invasion did not show any signs of helping Britain I wouldn't be suprised if anti-American sentiment grew quite strongly in Britain-at least initally.

Meanwhile, mass modernisation plans would be desprately needed in Southern England and would happen 10 years earlier in the 1940s rather than 1950s, as happened in our timeline. Infrastructure would be damaged much more in our timeline, as bridges, roads and key railways would be destroyed thrawt the invasion attempt.

If the Nazi goverment collapses, possibly due to Soviet invasion, I could see Europe becoming a neo-"Great Game" battleground between the British and the Soviets without American influence, who will still be isolationist. It would be interesting to know if the Cold War would still have happened with Britain and Russia being the two survivors that brought down the Nazis. I still think the Cold War would happen and would drive Brtain and America together by the 1950s.

A general election would be called in Britain in 1940, or 1941-seeing as the last one was 1945. If the British sentiment really was more bullish and vicious, could Churchill had won? Even slimly? If so, this changes British socio-politcs drastically; the NHS probably becomes an insurance based system, or at least free for the least well off. The "New Towns", such as Stevenage, Hemel Hampstead and Crawley won't be built and British cities continue to expand as the "Green Belt legislation" is not passed-at least straight away. The London Underground Northern Line might actually reach Bushey Heath.

Colonialism wouldn't end quite as soon as our timeline, but in this instance how would the British react to American passive agressiveness to Empire? Would they pay less attention? Would Britain and America be involved in small skrimishes to keep either one of them gaining a foothold in a tiny island in the South Pacific? Would a British Labour government side with the Soviets in the Cold War?

Apologies for innacuracy, my history knowledge is not as extensive as I would perhaps like it to be.
 
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Just my thoughts
Now we all know Sealion didn't happen because it would have been near impossible for the Nazis to pull off, but lets say that it did happen in 1940, they managed to encircle London, but the Royal Navy cuts off their supply lines and in a war of attrition, the command and control struture for the invading Nazi army quickly collapses and 10s of thousands of Nazi troops are stranded in Great Britain. Say the political implications in Berlin are so severe that they've lost a sizeable chunk of Germany's armed forces that it leads to grave political instability for the Nazis. What happens then to Britain? Does it still fall into the long "post war sleep" it did in our timeline? Putting its feet up and turning to Atlee and socialism? Does British patriotism see a renaissance? Or is Southern England so damaged from the fight that Britain simply never recovers? Again, I'm not asking if Sealion would work, just asking the social-politcal implications in the UK if it happened and failed miserably.
I would say Britain becomes more bullish as a nation; the war did not drag on for years in our timeline, and the nation would view itself as what lead to the sudden destruction of the Nazi empire. Churchill would make a speech stating "It was the might and resolve of Great Britain that defeated the Mr. Hitler, not the tank and machine gun." If America still, even during invasion did not show any signs of helping Britain I wouldn't be suprised if anti-American sentiment grew quite strongly in Britain-at least initally.

Meanwhile, mass modernisation plans would be desprately needed in Southern England and would happen 10 years earlier in the 1940s rather than 1950s, as happened in our timeline. Infrastructure would be damaged much more in our timeline, as bridges, roads and key railways would be destroyed thrawt the invasion attempt.
If (ASB) they surround London the damage is huge and GB may well fall like France. During the war this makes them more dependant on LL and America. Post war this scenario just hurts GB as its more costs to rebuild and if anything make them more like France and willing to integrate with europe.

With so many Nazi troops lost in Britain, many probably just disband from the army and try to settle in the UK. Perhaps Britain has a higher ethnic German population than today from Nazi officers abandoning their posts once the food and ammo runs out in the invasion.
No they would be hunted down once they lost the battle and sent to POW camps or dead.

Without so much of its troops, the Eastern front plays into the Soviet's favour. Perhaps Stalin sees the chance of exploiting Hitler's weakness and attemps to march on Berlin.
The forces lost would include many of the elite troops but numbers wise still not be that large compared to the full foot and horse German army. This doesn't change the fact that the German army has beaten France and the Soviet lost to Finland so I doubt Stalin wants to gamble that much.

A general election would be called in Britain in 1940, or 1941-seeing as the last one was 1945.
Errrr dates mixed up?

Colonialism wouldn't end quite as soon as our timeline, but in this instance how would the British react to American passive agressiveness to Empire? Would they pay less attention? Would Britain and America be involved in small skrimishes to keep either one of them gaining a foothold in a tiny island in the South Pacific? Would a British Labour government side with the Soviets in the Cold War?
A weaker GB would fall faster into American orbit IMO, Labour did after all order and build the Bomb and it wasn't really planned for use against Washington....
 
The germans would never get that far. The Royal Navy comes into play after 2-3 days after the start of the invasion. Sure the navy takes a pounding but so does the german fleet of invasion barges. Without these any german forces in Britain would soon run out of supplies and be forced to surrender. In such a senario which is as good as it probably gets without devine intervention for the Sea-mammal then the german forces don't get far beyond the beaches so damage to southern Britain is limited.

The aftermath in Germany probably involves a lot of finger pointing and a few commanders are removed. The loss of low tens of thousands of elite troops has a small effect on german war machine but not enough for the war to end or for the events of 1941 to change substantially unless Hitler does something unexpected like deciding to go full throttle against the British instead of the Soviets.

British morale is increased above OTL BoB levels. This possibly has a positive effect on Churchill's enduring popularity although whether this would be enough for him to win the next general election held when the war ends (possibly a little earlier in this senario) would on its own be unlikely.

British standing and the reputation of the British military around the world would be increased. This would include the US. A failed invasion would be a propaganda coup for the British with the US public which might make US assistance happen sooner than OTL.
 
I'll offer this which was something which was going to be a little vignette somewhere sometime:

Extract from Bradshaw's Guide to Britain published 2015

Maidstone is the County Town of Kent and sits on the bend of the river Medway. It will of course be forever associated with the failed German Invasion of England in September 1940.

It is often called the Verdun of Britain and while that is a nod to the prevailing geography, it is also a recognition that the Battle of Maidstone from September 17-20 1940 was the most costly episode in terms of human lives throughout the failed Sealion Campaign. For the Germans, Maidstone represented a last chance to achieve an unlikely victory while the British were happy to see the Germans expend their efforts here as distinct from the open countryside of Sussex or Hampshire.

Walk down the High Street and while much of the city (granted that status in 1945 by Clement Attlee) has been restored, a few of the older buildings which survived the artillery and infantry fighting still show the scars of the battle. The Police Station and the National Commercial Bank both have bullet holes in their brickwork as does the Town Hall which became briefly the German Headquarters and from which an infamous SS death squad orchestrated the massacre at Chart Sutton where 356 villagers were killed as the Germans tried to stamp out resistance behind the lines.

The site of the Barming Mental Hospital where the Australian and Canadian infantry stopped the Panzer advance in its tracks, is now the Maidstone Museum and Federation Cemetery where Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, South African and British dead lie alongside the civilians who perished in the desperate defence of Maidstone. The German dead are buried in a cemetery on the other aide of town and in a remarkable act of post-war reconciliation, the German Republic paid for the construction of the Peace Memorial above the city.

From the moment the Panzer spearheads approached Maidstone on the 17th September 1940 until the capitulation of the German rearguard on the 20th, Maidstone was the centre of world attention and while we now know that even if the Germans had taken the town, the actions of the RAF and Royal Navy in regaining control of the Channel and shutting off supplies meant the Sealion Campaign was doomed, the Battle of Maidstone remains an iconic event in British history.

The housing estates built around the city in the 1950s bear the names of those involved on the British and Federation side - Montgomery Drive and Brooke Close sit along side Wilson Street. A proposal in the 1970s to name a new road Rommel Close was the subject of uproar among locals and quickly abandoned.

A visit to the Museum and a tour of the battlefield are highly recommended.
 
It might increase a sense of local identity in Kent and Sussex. Sealion would not realistically be able to push further inland than these two counties - if the people of these counties could reasonably see themselves as 'defending England', then if might have some cultural implications in that region. There might be pressure to retain the parts of Kent annexed to Greater London IOTL. Perhaps Sussex remains united?

What impact might the invasion have on planning for a Channel Tunnel analogue? If there is lingering resentment and cultural glorification of the successful defence of the island, the idea of a direct link to mainland Europe might prove politically unacceptable.
 
To surround London, then get cut off would result in hundreds, not tens of thousands being stranded.

I say this as someone from south eastern England, no Germans would be allowed to just melt away into the countryside, the geography is not suited for disappearing and the general population would probably massacre any german soldier they found in their towns if the army didn’t round them up first.

Psychological effect would be like blitz spirit on steroids, towns that so much as caught a stray shell would pride themselves on fighting off the barbarian horde of Germans and refusing to surrender when it seemed hopeless.
 
To surround London, then get cut off would result in hundreds, not tens of thousands being stranded.

I say this as someone from south eastern England, no Germans would be allowed to just melt away into the countryside, the geography is not suited for disappearing and the general population would probably massacre any german soldier they found in their towns if the army didn’t round them up first.

Psychological effect would be like blitz spirit on steroids, towns that so much as caught a stray shell would pride themselves on fighting off the barbarian horde of Germans and refusing to surrender when it seemed hopeless.

So how would this epic defeat be taken in Germany? Would this weaken Hitlers authority? Would Britain be able to force a peace agreement on Nazi Germany with unfavourable terms?
 

Errolwi

Monthly Donor
The more visible involvement of Commonwealth forces (than OTL's aerial and maritime contributions) will certainly have impacts on the relationship with the white Dominions. If better support is given to the Far East they might even be positive in Australia! Mind you, if the under-equipped Aussie brigade dies while the Brits get their act together, things could go south faster.
 
So how would this epic defeat be taken in Germany? Would this weaken Hitlers authority? Would Britain be able to force a peace agreement on Nazi Germany with unfavourable terms?

Probably would weaken hitlers position considerably but barring a coup he could still stay in power and Britain would still be nowhere near able to take back Western Europe.

After this it would be suicidally stupid to attempt a russia campaign but Hitler wasn’t known for being rational
 

destiple

Banned
Now we all know Sealion didn't happen because it would have been near impossible for the Nazis to pull off, but lets say that it did happen in 1940, they managed to encircle London, but the Royal Navy cuts off their supply lines and in a war of attrition, the command and control struture for the invading Nazi army quickly collapses and 10s of thousands of Nazi troops are stranded in Great Britain

germans have no means of getting ANY troops or supplies to the isles , even if we say the initial invasion force lands.So a war of attrition is out of question, likley the british police and a few of the home guard will round up these german lads and they will be on their way to Canadian vacation by the time autumn sets in

If you want to say a war of attrition starts then germans will need a lot more soldiers and supplies and clearly since they are not coming across the channel, how about a mutiny in the british army? and the majority of it turns "Nazi" , imprison the royal family and Mr churchill.Openly challenges the RN by taking over its bases and turns to a homegrown "Nazi" leadership which is favored by Hitler and those who were concerned with decline of british colonial power.
Thats the ONLY way we can have a war of attrition on the british isles.
 

WILDGEESE

Gone Fishin'
I know the topic of Sealion is loathsome in alternate history circles, but being British myself I'm quite fascinated (and horrified) by it. If you look closely, very closely, its legacy can be seen across Southern England with various crumbling defence structures hidden in undergrowth awaiting to live a purpose that thankfully never happened. Indeed on my local rail line to Central London, there are two annoymous huts before the bridge that carries the line over the River Thames, that apprently have small slits in their walls which were to house machine gun emplacments- defending the bridge into Central London from invasion.

Now we all know Sealion didn't happen because it would have been near impossible for the Nazis to pull off, but lets say that it did happen in 1940, they managed to encircle London, but the Royal Navy cuts off their supply lines and in a war of attrition, the command and control struture for the invading Nazi army quickly collapses and 10s of thousands of Nazi troops are stranded in Great Britain. Say the political implications in Berlin are so severe that they've lost a sizeable chunk of Germany's armed forces that it leads to grave political instability for the Nazis. What happens then to Britain? Does it still fall into the long "post war sleep" it did in our timeline? Putting its feet up and turning to Atlee and socialism? Does British patriotism see a renaissance? Or is Southern England so damaged from the fight that Britain simply never recovers? Again, I'm not asking if Sealion would work, just asking the social-politcal implications in the UK if it happened and failed miserably.

My theory is as follows,

Without so much of its troops, the Eastern front plays into the Soviet's favour. Perhaps Stalin sees the chance of exploiting Hitler's weakness and attemps to march on Berlin.

With so many Nazi troops lost in Britain, many probably just disband from the army and try to settle in the UK. Perhaps Britain has a higher ethnic German population than today from Nazi officers abandoning their posts once the food and ammo runs out in the invasion.

I would say Britain becomes more bullish as a nation; the war did not drag on for years in our timeline, and the nation would view itself as what lead to the sudden destruction of the Nazi empire. Churchill would make a speech stating "It was the might and resolve of Great Britain that defeated the Mr. Hitler, not the tank and machine gun." If America still, even during invasion did not show any signs of helping Britain I wouldn't be suprised if anti-American sentiment grew quite strongly in Britain-at least initally.

Meanwhile, mass modernisation plans would be desprately needed in Southern England and would happen 10 years earlier in the 1940s rather than 1950s, as happened in our timeline. Infrastructure would be damaged much more in our timeline, as bridges, roads and key railways would be destroyed thrawt the invasion attempt.

If the Nazi goverment collapses, possibly due to Soviet invasion, I could see Europe becoming a neo-"Great Game" battleground between the British and the Soviets without American influence, who will still be isolationist. It would be interesting to know if the Cold War would still have happened with Britain and Russia being the two survivors that brought down the Nazis. I still think the Cold War would happen and would drive Brtain and America together by the 1950s.

A general election would be called in Britain in 1940, or 1941-seeing as the last one was 1945. If the British sentiment really was more bullish and vicious, could Churchill had won? Even slimly? If so, this changes British socio-politcs drastically; the NHS probably becomes an insurance based system, or at least free for the least well off. The "New Towns", such as Stevenage, Hemel Hampstead and Crawley won't be built and British cities continue to expand as the "Green Belt legislation" is not passed-at least straight away. The London Underground Northern Line might actually reach Bushey Heath.

Colonialism wouldn't end quite as soon as our timeline, but in this instance how would the British react to American passive agressiveness to Empire? Would they pay less attention? Would Britain and America be involved in small skrimishes to keep either one of them gaining a foothold in a tiny island in the South Pacific? Would a British Labour government side with the Soviets in the Cold War?

Apologies for innacuracy, my history knowledge is not as extensive as I would perhaps like it to be.

Read "INVASION 1940" by Derek Robertson

This book answers a lot of your questions and points.

Regards filers
 
I say this as someone from south eastern England, no Germans would be allowed to just melt away into the countryside, the geography is not suited for disappearing and the general population would probably massacre any german soldier they found in their towns if the army didn’t round them up first.
That in itself might have interesting implications.
"Grandad, show us again the teeth necklace of those germans you killed!"
I mean, it was already weird enough my mom found a leg bone when she was playing in a field in 60's Normandy, imagine that
 
That in itself might have interesting implications.
"Grandad, show us again the teeth necklace of those germans you killed!"
I mean, it was already weird enough my mom found a leg bone when she was playing in a field in 60's Normandy, imagine that
Post-war Normandy was an interesting place alright
Why, my grandfather used to go down into old shell holes, where he would open the shell and take the powder to make firecrackers :V
 
Post-war Normandy was an interesting place alright
Why, my grandfather used to go down into old shell holes, where he would open the shell and take the powder to make firecrackers :V
That is hardcore. My family is more from around Alençon and the other half was in Algeria at the time so they missed the worse of it but there still is a very high density of surplus shops trying to sell off old stuff that wash up on the beaches
 
So how would this epic defeat be taken in Germany? Would this weaken Hitlers authority? Would Britain be able to force a peace agreement on Nazi Germany with unfavourable terms?

No Crete Campaign, as all their airborne troops and Ju-52s will have been lost. No glider troops, no gliders, as they've been lost as well. Economic chaos in Germany, with the loss of all those Rhine River barges. The Germans really couldn't afford to lose them, or even not have them away from their availability in day-to-day usage. Oh, and nothing left of the present Kriegsmarine. Hitler will have no choice but to keep the soon to be repaired Norway survivors and the completed Bismarck-class in Norway as a strategic threat to the Murmansk Convoys when Barbarossa starts.

The invasion of Malta is never even considered.

The more visible involvement of Commonwealth forces (than OTL's aerial and maritime contributions) will certainly have impacts on the relationship with the white Dominions. If better support is given to the Far East they might even be positive in Australia! Mind you, if the under-equipped Aussie brigade dies while the Brits get their act together, things could go south faster.

No. Just no. Not support for Australia. Unless Churchill chokes to death on his morning Cheerios. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill had very close personal ties with every corner of the English-Speaking Peoples. EXCEPT for the Lands Down Under. He could always be counted on to find an excuse for diverting British or Commonwealth forces AWAY from Australia to pretty much anywhere else in the world. Whether it be the UK, North Africa, Crete, Greece, Sicily, Italy, West Africa, Madagascar, East Africa, the U-Boat War, the North Sea, the Near East, India, Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Hong Kong, Western Europe, the Murmansk Convoys, the Aleutians, or Singapore!

He was furious over John Curtin's speech stating that he considered America as the nation to which Australia "`...must look to, free of its traditional ties to Great Britain". Churchill was furious, but also didn't really have an answer for the Curtin Government, as he was unwilling to send so much as an MTB boat to Oz, "That land of convicts and Irishmen!"

Probably would weaken hitlers position considerably but barring a coup he could still stay in power and Britain would still be nowhere near able to take back Western Europe. (1)

After this it would be suicidally stupid to attempt a Russian campaign but Hitler wasn’t known for being rational. (2)

1) 1941: German air superiority over the Channel and France. Unthinkable.
1942: Operation: Sledgehammer. An all British campaign against a Germany STILL capable of gaining air superiority over the Channel and France IF Hitler wanted to. And he would want to. Whatever the cost of air support for Case: Blue. He'll still have air superiority in Russia regardless. Just not air supremacy. The chance to slaughter so much of the core of the British Army would be too much for his bullying mentality to resist. That's why he could always be counted on to launch attacks on weaker forces to produce local victories rather than stand up to stronger forces where he risked losing.
1943: Operation: Round-Up. At best an enclave in the Breton or Brittany peninsula at great cost to the RAF and USAAC, not to mention to still weak Allied landing forces and amphibious craft to still strong German light naval forces attacking at night.
1944: Operation: Overlord. OTL. But give the Germans seven straight days of bad weather after D-Day, and the Allies are in the sea.:eek:

2) Barbarossa was in Hitler's blood. Seamammal is only happening if the Luftwaffe has already beaten the RAF and forced them to redeploy north of the Thames, giving the Germans air supremacy over the Channel, and air superiority over the south east of England up to the Thames. The RAF could expect air parity north of the Thames, getting to British air superiority the further north you go. Mind, this is all assuming Skippy the Alien Space Bat prevents the British from blitzing the major port of Southampton. Otherwise, Sea Mammal becomes a WWII Gallipoli. Other than the airborne, the Germans never get off the beaches to any real extent.

If the Germans HAVE captured an intact Southampton, then its simply a matter of attriting the nine or so divisions (including airborne) they manage to get across before the Royal Navy (even the heavy units if needed) shuts every down for pay day. No more fresh troops, and the Germans in the UK are stuck with the rations in their packs and their ammunition on hand. Three weeks, no more.

This is why those who try to break arms arguing for a successful Sealion have to postulate a Royal Navy that turns completely chicken.:p

germans have no means of getting ANY troops or supplies to the isles, even if we say the initial invasion force lands.So a war of attrition is out of question, likely the British police and a few of the home guard will round up these german lads and they will be on their way to Canadian vacation by the time autumn sets in.

The weather WAS freakishly calm and clear until very late in the year of 1940 though. And most of the "troops" you list were still unarmed at the time of Sealion. It was not until October of 1940 that the USA's delivery of eight hundred thousand Springfield 1903 rifles reached the Home Guard.

If you want to say a war of attrition starts then germans will need a lot more soldiers and supplies and clearly since they are not coming across the channel, how about a mutiny in the British army? And the majority of it turns "Nazi" , imprison the royal family and Mr churchill. Openly challenges the RN by taking over its bases and turns to a homegrown "Nazi" leadership which is favored by Hitler and those who were concerned with decline of British colonial power.
Thats the ONLY way we can have a war of attrition on the British isles.

I'm assuming this is all tongue in cheek? Because even Norway, beset by Nazi-based internal treason sabotaging their mobilization and national defense, gave a drubbing of the Kriegsmarine surface fleet elements (3) they would never know again. And a major reason why Sealion was so Seamammal.

3) The Norway Campaign, like Crete, was very nearly an Allied victory!
 
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As others have said the Germans aren’t getting anywhere near London, not from troops landing on the beaches anyway. That being said some possible/likely consequences are:

The Fallschrimjager are gone, the paratroopers are going to be cut off and surrounded.

Many/most of the Ju-52 transports that carried the paratroopers and their supplies are gone, with significant knock on effects later.

The impact of the losses on the beaches depends on the composition of the assault force. If the Germans ‘front loaded’ with armoured units, intending to achieve a rapid breakout and take London by a Blitzkrieg assault, the effect of the defeat on future operations will be magnified.

Someone in the German High Command is going to take the fall for the failure, who depends on whether the Heer or the Kriegsmarine is better at making excuses.

Those in the USA opposing supporting Britain because its will have to capitulate are going to be weakened and the sense that Britain can actually win may make it easier for Roosevelt to sell the notion that the USA should supply the British with weapons and supplies while staying out of the actual fighting.

The loss of the paratroopers and an increased aversion to amphibious operations means Crete won’t fall, Malta is much more secure and possibly the Germans are much more reluctant to get involved in the Middle East in general, something like the Afrika Korps depending on a supply line that can be interdicted by the Royal Navy is going to look like a much bigger gamble than OTL.

If the Germans do hesitate to help Italy out then Libya may fall, with consequences for Mussolini and the stability of fascist Italy, this coming on top of seeing the British beat back the Germans.

With the threat of invasion removed the British can free up resources for other areas, more escort ships for the Atlantic convoys, more/better equipment for the Far East.

Any reasonable combination of the above makes predicting the impact on 1942 and later difficult to say the least. However one cultural implication may be that ‘Dad’s Army’ is a stirring drama series rather than a sitcom. :)
 
Expect a lot more stirring war movies staring Square Jawed Boys Own Hero’s fighting off the Beastly Hun in sunny Kent...

I Can imagine that if Overlord, VE Day etc goes roughly as OTL there will be some infrastructure building in the devastated invasion zone, possibly sparking an economic revival in the UK similar to Germany’s rebuilding, at least in the south.

Culturally, I can see the 60’s pushback is going to be very much against that square jawed stereotype.
 
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