Slaves could easily be made part of the commodities market, since they were marketed as commodities. This doesn't even require a revived trans-atlantic slave trade. Even internally there was a vigorous interstate market in Southern slaves. The northern tier of slave-owning states had organized buyers who advertised, etc., and led coffers of purchased slaves south every year.
Commodity futures are basically a form of price insurance. Slaves as a commodity aren't going to be traded or in demand as often as real commodities like foodstuffs or oil, since a big part of the economic basis for slavery was labor stability (slavery is also a form of labor price insurance, in a way).
In a big area like the South, you'll probably have enough of a demand for slaves for a futures market to develop. Big plantations and factories will have a fairly predictable annual need for new slaves dues to "wastage" of their current slave workforce (accidents, deaths from old age or being worked to death, the occasional execution pour encourager les autres, escapes, disease, death from natural causes) and they'll probably want those slaves at predictable prices. So you'd have the conceptual basis for a futures market.
However, you don't get a demand for price insurance unless there are serious and unpredictable price swings to insure against. Is that really going to be the case with the slave market? I think it depends on whether there is a trans-atlantic slave trade or not. If there isn't, as the internal slave market develops, you're going to get fairly accurate actuarial and demographic information that are going to let you know just about how many slaves will be coming onto the market in anyone year. You have a predictable supply, that means that the price is going to be fairly predictable. Which means that there is no need for price insurance, so no real futures market. Contrast this with foodstuffs, where weather dramatically affects supply in unpredictable ways.
Thinking about slavery wedded to more sophisticated financial instruments leads to some weird results. Slaves are probably gonna be insured, which probably means that health and safety regulations and even employer-provided rudimentary medical care come to the South first, imposed by insurers. The demand for new slaves could and probably will mean horrible breeding experiment factories, but the cost of raising children to adulthood is large enough that my guess is that the standard model for breeding operations will be sharecropping/tenant farming/subsistence agriculture where the master supplies milk and vaccinations to the children. And then sells them away from home when they turn 16. In other words, a horrible parody of an early social welfare state.